Administrative information

International Certified Environmental Product Declaration

Company Description

Ready Mix Inc. aims to be the undisputed leader in building materials.

Study Goal

The intended application of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is to comply with the procedures for creating a Type III environmental product declaration (EPD) and publish the EPD for public review on the website, https://p3optima.com/ . This level of study is in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) for ready mix concrete published by NSF International (2019) and is a sub-PCR of International Standards Organization (ISO) 21930:2017 Sustainability in buildings and civil works - Core rules for EPDs of construction products and services; International Standards Organization (ISO) 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations, Type III environmental declarations-Principles and procedures; ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment- Requirements and guidelines; and ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework. The performance of this study and its subsequent publishing is in alignment with the business to business (B2B) communication requirements for the environmental assessment of building products. The study does not intend to support comparative assertions and is intended to be disclosed to the public.

This project report was commissioned to differentiate Ready Mix Inc. from their competition, thus generating an advantage for the organization; offer customers information to help them make informed product decisions; improve the environmental performance of Ready Mix Inc. by continuously measuring, controlling and reducing the environmental impacts of their products; help project facilitators working on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects achieve their credit goal; and to strengthen Ready Mix Inc.’s license to operate in the community. Ready Mix Inc. is committed to sustainable initiatives that measure and reduce their effect on the environment. The intended audience for this LCA report is Ready Mix Inc.’s employees, their suppliers, project specifiers of their products, architects, and engineers. The EPD report is also available for policy makers, government officials interested in sustainability, academic professors, and LCA professionals. This LCA report does not include product comparisons from other facilities.

Description of product and scope

Products covered by this EPD satisfy ready mix concrete as used in residential, commercial and public works applications in Canada. This EPD reports the impacts for different ready mix concrete products in accordance with the following standards depending on the final product and region:

Table 1: Ready Mix Concrete materials and their associated standards/specifications

Portland Cement	ASTM C150, AASHTO M 85 or CSA A3001
Blended Hydraulic Cement	ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Portland-limestone Cement	ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Performance-based Hydraulic Cement	ASTM C1157
Fine Aggregate - natural sand	ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Fine Aggregate - manufactured	ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - natural gravel	ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - crushed	ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Lightweight Aggregates	ASTM C330/C330M
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) - Fly Ash	ASTM C618, AASHTO M 295, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Silica Fume	ASTM C1240, CSA A3000
SCMs - Blast Furnace Slag Cement	ASTM C989/C989M, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Natural Pozzolan	ASTM C618, CSA A3000
Chemical Admixture - Accelerators	ASTM C494/C494M Type C/E
Chemical Admixture - Air Entraining Agent	ASTM C260/C260M
Chemical Admixture - Hardening Accelerators	ASTM C494/C494M Type C
Chemical Admixture - Plasticizer & suerplasticizers	ASTM C494/C494M Type F/G, ASTM C1017/C1017M
Chemical Admixture - Retarders	ASTM C494/C494M Type B/D
Chemical Admixture - Water reducing/resisting	ASTM C494/C494M Type A/B/D/E
Chemcial Admixture - Coloring	ASTM C979/C979M
Chemical Admixture - Corrosion Inhibitors	ASTM C494 Type C/E, ASTM C1582/C1582M
Fibers	ASTM C1116
Pigments	ASTM C979/C979M
Batch Water	ASTM C1602

This LCA assumes the impacts from products manufactured in accordance with the standards outlined in this report. This LCA is a “cradle-to-gate” study, and therefore, stages extending beyond the plant gate are not included in this LCA. Excluded stages include transportation of the manufactured material to the construction site; on-site construction processes and components; building (infrastructure) use and maintenance; and “end-of-life” effects.

Ready Mix Concrete design summary

The following tables provide a list of the ready mix concrete designs considered in this EPD along with key performance parameters.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 2: Declared products with Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
1	Mix1-51437	GU 15MPa	Normal strength concrete	15.00	17.00	19.00	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
2	Mix2-12090	GU 15.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	15.36	17.36	19.36	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
3	Mix3-52453	GU 15.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	15.72	17.72	19.72	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
4	Mix4-49463	GU 16.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	16.08	18.08	20.08	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
5	Mix5-67256	GU 16.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	16.44	18.44	20.44	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
6	Mix6-78460	GU 16.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	16.80	18.80	20.80	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
7	Mix7-49164	GU 17.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	17.16	19.16	21.16	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
8	Mix8-43807	GU 17.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	17.52	19.52	21.52	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
9	Mix9-82248	GU 17.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	17.88	19.88	21.88	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
10	Mix10-40172	GU 18.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	18.24	20.24	22.24	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
11	Mix11-34551	GU 18.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	18.60	20.60	22.60	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
12	Mix12-41012	GU 19MPa	Normal strength concrete	18.96	20.96	22.96	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
13	Mix13-70105	GU 19.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	19.32	21.32	23.32	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
14	Mix14-54898	GU 19.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	19.68	21.68	23.68	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 3: Declared products with Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
15	Mix15-48687	GU 20MPa	Normal strength concrete	20.04	22.04	24.04	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
16	Mix16-40586	GU 20.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	20.40	22.40	24.40	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
17	Mix17-57984	GU 20.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	20.76	22.76	24.76	5	yes	0.4	F1	4	6
18	Mix18-60894	GU 21.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	21.12	23.12	25.12	5	yes	0.4	F2	4	6
19	Mix19-24977	GU 21.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	21.48	23.48	25.48	5	yes	0.4	F3	4	6
20	Mix20-23883	GU 21.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	21.84	23.84	25.84	5	yes	0.4	F4	4	6
21	Mix21-68443	GU 22.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	22.20	24.20	26.20	5	yes	0.4	F5	4	6
22	Mix22-45196	GU 22.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	22.56	24.56	26.56	5	yes	0.4	F6	4	6
23	Mix23-83838	GU 22.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	22.92	24.92	26.92	5	yes	0.4	F7	4	6
24	Mix24-90932	GU 23.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	23.28	25.28	27.28	5	yes	0.4	F8	4	6
25	Mix25-93678	GU 23.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	23.64	25.64	27.64	5	yes	0.4	F9	4	6
26	Mix26-17537	GU 24MPa	Normal strength concrete	24.00	26.00	28.00	5	yes	0.4	F10	4	6
27	Mix27-78614	GU 24.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	24.36	26.36	28.36	5	yes	0.4	F11	4	6
28	Mix28-66120	GU 24.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	24.72	26.72	28.72	5	yes	0.4	F12	4	6

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 4: Declared products with Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
29	Mix29-76630	GU 25.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	25.08	27.08	29.08	5	yes	0.4	F13	4	6
30	Mix30-78914	GU 25.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	25.44	27.44	29.44	5	yes	0.4	F14	4	6
31	Mix31-44410	GU 25.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	25.80	27.80	29.80	5	yes	0.4	F15	4	6
32	Mix32-16520	GU 26.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	26.16	28.16	30.16	5	yes	0.4	F16	4	6
33	Mix33-17356	GU 26.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	26.52	28.52	30.52	5	yes	0.4	F17	4	6
34	Mix34-15734	GU 26.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	26.88	28.88	30.88	5	yes	0.4	F18	4	6
35	Mix35-43900	GU 27.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	27.24	29.24	31.24	5	yes	0.4	F19	4	6
36	Mix36-49520	GU 27.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	27.60	29.60	31.60	5	yes	0.4	F20	4	6
37	Mix37-98563	GU 28MPa	Normal strength concrete	27.96	29.96	31.96	5	yes	0.4	F21	4	6
38	Mix38-56668	GU 28.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	28.32	30.32	32.32	5	yes	0.4	F22	4	6
39	Mix39-94166	GU 28.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	28.68	30.68	32.68	5	yes	0.4	F23	4	6
40	Mix40-48317	GU 29MPa	Normal strength concrete	29.04	31.04	33.04	5	yes	0.4	F24	4	6
41	Mix41-41141	GU 29.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	29.40	31.40	33.40	5	yes	0.4	F25	4	6
42	Mix42-79518	GU 29.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	29.76	31.76	33.76	5	yes	0.4	F26	4	6

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 5: Declared products with Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
43	Mix43-25148	GU 30.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	30.12	32.12	34.12	5	yes	0.4	F27	4	6
44	Mix44-14865	GU 30.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	30.48	32.48	34.48	5	yes	0.4	F28	4	6
45	Mix45-79146	GU 30.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	30.84	32.84	34.84	5	yes	0.4	F29	4	6
46	Mix46-29683	GU 31.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	31.20	33.20	35.20	5	yes	0.4	F30	4	6
47	Mix47-33357	GU 31.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	31.56	33.56	35.56	5	yes	0.4	F31	4	6
48	Mix48-49870	GU 31.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	31.92	33.92	35.92	5	yes	0.4	F32	4	6
49	Mix49-23772	GU 32.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	32.28	34.28	36.28	5	yes	0.4	F33	4	6
50	Mix50-80134	GU 32.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	32.64	34.64	36.64	5	yes	0.4	F34	4	6
51	Mix51-44215	GU 33MPa	Normal strength concrete	33.00	35.00	37.00	5	yes	0.4	F35	4	6
52	Mix52-28562	GU 33.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	33.36	35.36	37.36	5	yes	0.4	F36	4	6
53	Mix53-97581	GU 33.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	33.72	35.72	37.72	5	yes	0.4	F37	4	6
54	Mix54-65193	GU 34.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	34.08	36.08	38.08	5	yes	0.4	F38	4	6
55	Mix55-42548	GU 34.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	34.44	36.44	38.44	5	yes	0.4	F39	4	6
56	Mix56-29149	GU 34.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	34.80	36.80	38.80	5	yes	0.4	F40	4	6

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 6: Declared products with Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
57	Mix57-23464	GU 35.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	35.16	37.16	39.16	5	yes	0.4	F41	4	6
58	Mix58-86896	GU 35.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	35.52	37.52	39.52	5	yes	0.4	F42	4	6
59	Mix59-53578	GU 35.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	35.88	37.88	39.88	5	yes	0.4	F43	4	6
60	Mix60-28084	GU 36.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	36.24	38.24	40.24	5	yes	0.4	F44	4	6
61	Mix61-47667	GU 36.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	36.60	38.60	40.60	5	yes	0.4	F45	4	6
62	Mix62-93187	GU 37MPa	Normal strength concrete	36.96	38.96	40.96	5	yes	0.4	F46	4	6
63	Mix63-56096	GU 37.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	37.32	39.32	41.32	5	yes	0.4	F47	4	6
64	Mix64-22568	GU 37.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	37.68	39.68	41.68	5	yes	0.4	F48	4	6
65	Mix65-92565	GU 38MPa	Normal strength concrete	38.04	40.04	42.04	5	yes	0.4	F49	4	6
66	Mix66-61831	GU 38.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	38.40	40.40	42.40	5	yes	0.4	F50	4	6
67	Mix67-35399	GU 38.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	38.76	40.76	42.76	5	yes	0.4	F51	4	6
68	Mix68-36107	GU 39.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	39.12	41.12	43.12	5	yes	0.4	F52	4	6
69	Mix69-52805	GU 39.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	39.48	41.48	43.48	5	yes	0.4	F53	4	6
70	Mix70-62517	GU 39.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	39.84	41.84	43.84	5	yes	0.4	F54	4	6

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 7: Declared products with Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
71	Mix71-76065	GU 40.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	40.20	42.20	44.20	5	yes	0.4	F55	4	6
72	Mix72-67316	GU 40.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	40.56	42.56	44.56	5	yes	0.4	F56	4	6
73	Mix73-77962	GU 40.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	40.92	42.92	44.92	5	yes	0.4	F57	4	6
74	Mix74-92375	GU 41.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	41.28	43.28	45.28	5	yes	0.4	F58	4	6
75	Mix75-33639	GU 41.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	41.64	43.64	45.64	5	yes	0.4	F59	4	6
76	Mix76-75699	GU 42MPa	Normal strength concrete	42.00	44.00	46.00	5	yes	0.4	F60	4	6
77	Mix77-95900	GU 42.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	42.36	44.36	46.36	5	yes	0.4	F61	4	6
78	Mix78-36869	GU 42.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	42.72	44.72	46.72	5	yes	0.4	F62	4	6
79	Mix79-69938	GU 43.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	43.08	45.08	47.08	5	yes	0.4	F63	4	6
80	Mix80-10639	GU 43.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	43.44	45.44	47.44	5	yes	0.4	F64	4	6
81	Mix81-33656	GU 43.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	43.80	45.80	47.80	5	yes	0.4	F65	4	6
82	Mix82-38872	GU 44.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	44.16	46.16	48.16	5	yes	0.4	F66	4	6
83	Mix83-78809	GU 44.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	44.52	46.52	48.52	5	yes	0.4	F67	4	6
84	Mix84-41475	GU 44.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	44.88	46.88	48.88	5	yes	0.4	F68	4	6

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 8: Declared products with Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
85	Mix85-66864	GU 45.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	45.24	47.24	49.24	5	yes	0.4	F69	4	6
86	Mix86-63612	GU 45.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	45.60	47.60	49.60	5	yes	0.4	F70	4	6
87	Mix87-97915	GU 46MPa	Normal strength concrete	45.96	47.96	49.96	5	yes	0.4	F71	4	6
88	Mix88-97202	GU 46.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	46.32	48.32	50.32	5	yes	0.4	F72	4	6
89	Mix89-74484	GU 46.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	46.68	48.68	50.68	5	yes	0.4	F73	4	6
90	Mix90-16147	GU 47MPa	Normal strength concrete	47.04	49.04	51.04	5	yes	0.4	F74	4	6
91	Mix91-77401	GU 47.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	47.40	49.40	51.40	5	yes	0.4	F75	4	6
92	Mix92-74070	GU 47.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	47.76	49.76	51.76	5	yes	0.4	F76	4	6
93	Mix93-12907	GU 48.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	48.12	50.12	52.12	5	yes	0.4	F77	4	6
94	Mix94-31027	GU 48.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	48.48	50.48	52.48	5	yes	0.4	F78	4	6
95	Mix95-78129	GU 48.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	48.84	50.84	52.84	5	yes	0.4	F79	4	6
96	Mix96-58155	GU 49.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	49.20	51.20	53.20	5	yes	0.4	F80	4	6
97	Mix97-52407	GU 49.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	49.56	51.56	53.56	5	yes	0.4	F81	4	6
98	Mix98-90896	GU 49.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	49.92	51.92	53.92	5	yes	0.4	F82	4	6

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 9: Declared products with Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
99	Mix99-30598	GU 50.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	50.28	52.28	54.28	5	yes	0.4	F83	4	6
100	Mix100-27840	GU 50.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	50.64	52.64	54.64	5	yes	0.4	F84	4	6
101	Mix101-39315	GU 51MPa	Normal strength concrete	51.00	53.00	55.00	5	yes	0.4	F85	4	6
102	Mix102-21923	GU 51.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	51.36	53.36	55.36	5	yes	0.4	F86	4	6
103	Mix103-60611	GU 51.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	51.72	53.72	55.72	5	yes	0.4	F87	4	6
104	Mix104-28058	GU 52.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	52.08	54.08	56.08	5	yes	0.4	F88	4	6
105	Mix105-89328	GU 52.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	52.44	54.44	56.44	5	yes	0.4	F89	4	6
106	Mix106-29155	GU 52.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	52.80	54.80	56.80	5	yes	0.4	F90	4	6
107	Mix107-69313	GU 53.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	53.16	55.16	57.16	5	yes	0.4	F91	4	6
108	Mix108-64157	GU 53.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	53.52	55.52	57.52	5	yes	0.4	F92	4	6
109	Mix109-50909	GU 53.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	53.88	55.88	57.88	5	yes	0.4	F93	4	6
110	Mix110-74156	GU 54.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	54.24	56.24	58.24	5	yes	0.4	F94	4	6
111	Mix111-13297	GU 54.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	54.60	56.60	58.60	5	yes	0.4	F95	4	6
112	Mix112-68267	GU 55MPa	Normal strength concrete	54.96	56.96	58.96	5	yes	0.4	F96	4	6

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 10: Declared products with Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
113	Mix113-52866	GU 55.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	55.32	57.32	59.32	5	yes	0.4	F97	4	6
114	Mix114-40620	GU 55.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	55.68	57.68	59.68	5	yes	0.4	F98	4	6
115	Mix115-85134	GU 56MPa	Normal strength concrete	56.04	58.04	60.04	5	yes	0.4	F99	4	6
116	Mix116-15184	GU 56.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	56.40	58.40	60.40	5	yes	0.4	F100	4	6
117	Mix117-86884	GU 56.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	56.76	58.76	60.76	5	yes	0.4	F101	4	6
118	Mix118-81051	GU 57.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	57.12	59.12	61.12	5	yes	0.4	F102	4	6
119	Mix119-35931	GU 57.5MPa	Normal strength concrete	57.48	59.48	61.48	5	yes	0.4	F103	4	6
120	Mix120-47944	GU 57.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	57.84	59.84	61.84	5	yes	0.4	F104	4	6
121	Mix121-44052	GU 58.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	58.20	60.20	62.20	5	yes	0.4	F105	4	6
122	Mix122-69047	GU 58.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	58.56	60.56	62.56	5	yes	0.4	F106	4	6
123	Mix123-19252	GU 58.9MPa	Normal strength concrete	58.92	60.92	62.92	5	yes	0.4	F107	4	6
124	Mix124-45516	GU 59.3MPa	Normal strength concrete	59.28	61.28	63.28	5	yes	0.4	F108	4	6
125	Mix125-44215	GU 59.6MPa	Normal strength concrete	59.64	61.64	63.64	5	yes	0.4	F109	4	6
126	Mix126-47235	GU 60MPa	Normal strength concrete	60.00	62.00	64.00	5	yes	0.4	F110	4	6

Mix designs: >60MPa

Table 11: Declared products with Mix designs: >60MPa considered in this environmental product declaration

Mix#	Unique name/ID	Short description	Product type	28 day strength, MPa	56 day strength, MPa	90 day strength, MPa	Target slump, mm	Air entrained, yes/no	H2O:cement ratio	Exposure class	Slump min, mm	Slump max, mm
127	Mix127-50156	GU 60.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	60.36	62.36	64.36	5	yes	0.4	F111	4	6
128	Mix128-36304	GU 60.7MPa	Normal strength concrete	60.72	62.72	64.72	5	yes	0.4	F112	4	6
129	Mix129-28380	GU 61.1MPa	Normal strength concrete	61.08	63.08	65.08	5	yes	0.4	F113	4	6
130	Mix130-60520	GU 61.4MPa	Normal strength concrete	61.44	63.44	65.44	5	yes	0.4	F114	4	6
131	Mix131-93928	GU 61.8MPa	Normal strength concrete	61.80	63.80	65.80	5	yes	0.4	F115	4	6
132	Mix132-31569	GU 62.2MPa	Normal strength concrete	62.16	64.16	66.16	5	yes	0.4	F116	4	6

Ready Mix Concrete design composition

The following figures provide an approximate mass breakdown (kg per m3) of the material composition of each ready mix concrete design considered. Please note that the presented breakdown has been randomly altered by +/-10%, and is therefore only an approximation; this manipulation is to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 1: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 2: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 3: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 4: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 5: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 6: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 7: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 8: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 9: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 10: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: >60MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

A1 raw material recycled content and material losses

The following table provides a list of the raw material inputs (module A1) across all products considered, their recyclability content and assumed material losses.

Table 12: Module A1 raw material inputs, the recyclability content and assumed material losses (dry basis)

product.name	mix.category	primary.content	material.losses
xyz Admix	Admixture	1	0.05
Gravel	Coarse.Aggregate	1	0.05
Sand	Fine.Aggregate	1	0.05
General use cement	Cement	1	0.05
Tap water	Water	1	0.05

System boundaries

As depicted in the figure below, this study considers a cradle-to-gate system boundary:

Figure 11: General life cycle phases for consideration in a construction works system. The red boundary line indicates the system scope considered in this LCA/EPD

This is a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle analysis reported in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) v2.3 2012:01 and the sub-PCR-F, Resilient, Textile and Laminate Floor Coverings 2012:01. The following three life cycle stages are included in the study: * A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes) - Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials used in manufacturing the declared products in this LCA. * A2: Transportation - Transportation of A1 materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the manufacturing facility (i.e. A3). * A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy and other utility inputs used to store, move, and manufacturer the declared products and to operate the facility.

As according to the PCR, the following figure illustrates the general activities and input requirements for producing ready mix concrete products and is not necessarily exhaustive.

Figure 12: General system inputs considered in the product system and categorized by modules A1 to A3

In addition, as according to the relevant PCR, the following requirements are excluded from this study:

Production, manufacture and construction of A3 building/capital goods and infrastructure;
- Production and manufacture of steel production equipment, steel delivery vehicles, earthmoving equipment, and laboratory equipment;
- Personnel-related activities (travel, furniture, office supplies);
- Energy use related to company management and sales activities.

For this LCA the manufacturing plant, owned and operated by Ready Mix Inc., is located at their Lower Mainland in British Columbia, Canada. All operating data is formulated using the actual data from Ready Mix Inc.’s plant at the above location, including water, energy consumption and waste generation. All inputs for this system boundary are calculated for the plant.

This life cycle inventory was organized in a spreadsheet and was then input into an RStudio environment where pre-calculated LCIA results for relevant products/activies stemming from the ecoinvent 3.4 database and a local EPD database in combination with primary data from Ready Mix Inc. were utilzied. Explanations of the contribution of each data source to this study are outlined in the section Data Sources and Quality. Further LCI details for each declared product are provided in the sections ‘Detailed LCI tables’ and ‘Transport tables’ of the detailed LCA report. A parameter uncertainty analysis was also performed where key statistical results (e.g. min/mean/max etc.) are provided.

Cut-off criteria

ISO 14044:2006 and the focus PCR requires the LCA model to contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless noted above as follows: * A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does not exceed 5%.

Data Sources and Data Quality Assessment

The following table summarizes the facility’s (i.e. A3) electricity consumption and generation (if applicable), process/space heating requirements, fuel inputs for on-site machinery, and waste generation.

Table 13: Inputs required by facility from 2019-01-01 to 2019-12-31(364 days) to produce 33000 cubic meters

Activity	Value	Units
Electricity consumption and generation (if applicable)
Gross grid electricity:	20000	kWh
Process/space heating requirements
Process heat	20	GJ
Fuel requirements for machinery
Propane, heating mix	400	m3
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel	2000	L
Waste generation
Wash water	222	m3
Hazardous waste	3	kg
Non-hazardous waste	10000	kg
High-level radioactive waste	0	kg

Table 14: Recovered on-site energy resources either utilized on-site or off-site

Technology and fuel type	Value	Units	Reovered on-site or off-site
Waste heat from …	300	GJ	on-site

Table 15: Reused or recycled components/materials at the A3 facility site

Component/material for re-use/recycling	Value	Units	Re-used/recycled on-site or off-site
Cardboard packaging	300	kg	off-site

The following statements explain how the above facility requirements/generation were derived:

Electricity: Electricity generation and consumption values were based on monthly utility bills.
Process/space heating: Electricity heat requirements were based on monthly utility bills.
Fuel required for machinery:: Energy requirements for machinery were based on fuel purchase receipts.
Waste generation:: Please provide an explanation of how the above waste generation values were determined:
Waste generation:: Actual roadway distance to waste and sorting/recycling facilities were calculated via Google Maps. Empty returns were accounted for.
Recovered energy:: Recovered energy (both on and off-site) was measured based on volume and energy estimates using various metering devices.
Recycled/reused material/components:: The above estimates were based on case-by-case basis depending on the material/component type.
Module A1 material losses:: Facility-boundary material flow analysis techniques were utilized.
Product transport requirements:: Diesel fill up receipts from fuel station.

The following tables (i.e. modules A1 to A3) depict a list of assumed life cycle inventory utilized in the LCA modelling to generate the impact results. An assessment of the quality of each LCI activity utilized is also provided.

Table 16: LCI inputs assumed for module A1 (i.e. raw material supply)

Input	LCI.activity	Data.source	Geography	Year	Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement	Production of cement, general use Portland limestone cement/CA-BC-Richmond/kilogram	EPD: Lafarge Canada Inc	British Columbia	2019	. Technology: Very good
					. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
					. Geography: Very good
					. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
					. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD

Gravel	Production of aggregates, TYPE L RIP RAP D/50=9/US-CO/kilogram	EPD: Martin Marietta	British Columbia	2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
					. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD

Tap water	market for tap water/RoW/kilogram	ecoinvent v3.4	British Columbia	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

xyz Admix	Production of concrete admixture, set accelerator/RER/kilogram	EPD: European Federation of Concrete Admixtures Associations Ltd.	Alberta	2015	. Technology: Fair
					. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
					. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD

Sand	silica sand production/DE/kilogram	ecoinvent v3.4	British Columbia	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Table 17: LCI inputs assumed for module A2 (i.e. transport of A1 inputs)

Input	LCI.activity	Data.source	Geography	Year	Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement- freight transport via Truck	transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Gravel- freight transport via Truck	transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Sand- freight transport via Truck	transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

xyz Admix- freight transport via Truck	transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Table 18: LCI inputs assumed for module A3 (i.e. manufacutring of mixes)

Input	LCI.activity	Data.source	Geography	Year	Data.Quality.Assessment
Grid electricity	market for electricity, medium voltage/CA-QC/kilowatt hour	ecoinvent v3.4	CA-QC	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Very good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Very good
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Hazardous waste	treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit/RoW/kilogram	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel	excavation, skid-steer loader/RoW/cubic meter	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Non-hazardous waste	treatment of waste concrete, not reinforced, collection for final disposal/RoW/kilogram	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Process heat	heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RoW/megajoule	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Propane, heating mix	propane, burned in building machine/GLO/megajoule	ecoinvent v3.4	GLO	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Rooftop PV	electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted/CA-ON/kilowatt hour	ecoinvent v3.4	CA-ON	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Very good
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Transport of Cardboard packaging	transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Transport of Hazardous waste	transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Transport of High-level radioactive waste	transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Transport of Non-hazardous waste	transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Transport of Wash water	transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Truck and fuel type	transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Wash water	market for wastewater from concrete production/RoW/cubic meter	ecoinvent v3.4	RoW	v3.4 in 2017	. Technology: Good
					. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
					. Geography: Fair
					. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
					. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Data Quality Assessment

Data quality/variability requirements, as specified in the PCR, are applied. This section describes the achieved data quality relative to the ISO 14044:2006 requirements. Data quality is judged based on its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied within a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

Precision: Through measurement and calculation, the manufacturers collected and provided primary data on their annual production. For accuracy, the LCA practitioner and 3rd Party Verifier validated the plant gate-to-gate data.

Completeness: All relevant specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs (emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled to represent the specified and declared products. The relevant background materials and processes were taken from ecoinvent v3.4 LCI databases where relatively recent Canadian-specific electricity inputs were utilized.

Consistency: To ensure consistency, the LCI modeling of the production weighted input and output LCI data for the declared products used the same modeling structure across the respective product systems, which consisted of raw material inputs and ancillary material, energy flows, water resource inputs, product and co-products outputs, returned and recovered ready mix concrete materials, emissions to air, water and soil, and waste recycling and treatment. The same background LCI datasets the ecoinvent v3.4 database were used across all product systems. Crosschecks concerning the plausibility of mass and energy flows were continuously conducted. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the plant and selected process level to maintain a high level of consistency.

Reproducibility: Internal reproducibility is possible since the data and the models are stored and available in a machine readable project file for all foreground and background processes, and in P3 Optima’s proprietary ready mix concrete LCA calculator* for all production facility and mix-specific calculations. A considerable level of transparency is provided throughout the LCA report as the specifications and material quantity make-up for the declared products are presented and key primary and secondary LCI data sources are summarized. The provision of more detailed data to allow full external reproducibility was not possible due to reasons of confidentiality.

*P3 Optima has developed a proprietary tool that allows the calculation of PCR-compliant LCA results for ready mix concrete product designs. The tool auto-calculates results by scaling base-unit technosphere inputs (i.e. 1 kg portland cement, 1 kWh electricity, etc.) to replicate the reference flow conversions that take place in any typical LCA software like openLCA or SimaPro. The tool was tested against several LCAs performed in openLCA and the tool generated identical results to those realized in openLCA across every impact category and inventory metric (where comparisons could be readily made).

Representativeness: The representativeness of the data is summarized as follows.

Time related coverage of the manufacturing processes’ primary collected data from 2019-01-01 to 2019-12-31.
Upstream (background) LCI data was either the PCR specified default or more appropriate LCI datasets as found in the Canadian-adjusted ecoinvent v3.4 database, 2017.
Geographical coverage for inputs required by the A3 facility(ies) is representative of its region of focus; other upstream and background processes are based on US, North American, or global average data and adjusted to regional electricity mixes when relevant.
Technological coverage is typical or average – specific to the participating facilities for all primary data.

Environmental Indicators and Inventory Metrics

Per the PCR, this EPD supports the life cycle impact assessment indicators and inventory metrics as listed in the tables below. As specified in the PCR, the US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), version 2.1, 2012 impact categories were utilized as they provide a North American context for the mandatory category indicators to be included in the EPD. Additionally, the PCR requires a set of inventory metrics to be reported with the LCIA indicators (see tables below).

Table 19: Life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics

ID	LCIA.indicators	Abbreviations	Units
1	environmental impact: acidification	AP	moles of H+-Eq
2	environmental impact: eutrophication	EP	kg N
3	environmental impact: global warming	GWP	kg CO2-Eq
4	environmental impact: ozone depletion	ODP	kg CFC-11-Eq
5	environmental impact: photochemical oxidation	PCOP	kg NOx-Eq
6	Abiotic Depletion-elements	ADPe	kg Sbeq
7	Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels	ADPf	kg Sbeq
Inventory metrics
8	Total primary energy	TPE	MJ-Eq
9	Non-Renewable Resources	NRR	kg
10	Renewable energy	RE	MJ-Eq
11	land filling: bulk waste	LFW	kg waste
12	land filling: hazardous waste	LFHW	kg waste
13	water depletion: WDP	WDP	m3
14	Concrete batching water consumption	CBWC	m3
15	Concrete washing water consumption	CWWC	m3
16	Concrete hazardous waste	CHW	kg
17	Concrete non-hazardous waste	CNHW	kg

A summary description of each of the impact categories and inventory metrics is provided in the following table:

Table 20: Definitions of life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics

Midpoint impact categories
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (units: kg CO2-eq)	Global Warming Potential or climate change can be defined as the change in global temperature caused by the greenhouse effect that the release of greenhouse gases by human activity creates. The Environmental Profiles characterization model is based on factors developed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Factors are expressed as Global Warming Potential over the time horizon of different years, being the most common 100 years (GWP100), measured in the reference unit, kg CO2 equivalent.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) (kg CFC-11-eq)	Ozone-depleting gases cause damage to stratospheric ozone or the ozone layer. CFCs, halons and HCFCs are the major causes of ozone depletion. The characterization model has been developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and defines the ozone depletion potential of different gases relative to the reference substance chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), expressed in kg CFC-11 equivalent.
Acidification Potential (AP) (kg SO2-eq)	Acidic gases such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) react with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain, a process known as acid deposition. Acidification potential is expressed using the reference unit, kg SO2 equivalent. The model does not take account of regional differences in terms of which areas are more or less susceptible to acidification. It accounts only for acidification caused by SO2 and NOx. This includes acidification due to fertilizer use, according to the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). CML has based the characterization factor on the RAINS model developed by the University of Amsterdam.
Eutrophication Potential (EP) (PO4 3- -eq)	Eutrophication is the build-up of a concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem which leads to abnormal productivity. This causes excessive plant growth like algae in rivers which causes severe reductions in water quality and animal populations. This category is based on the work of Heijungs, and is expressed using the reference unit, kg PO4 3- equivalents. Direct and indirect impacts of fertilizers are included in the method. The direct impacts are from production of the fertilizers and the indirect ones are calculated using the IPCC method to estimate emissions to water causing eutrophication.
Photochemical Ozone Creation/Smog Potential (POCP) (kg O3-eq)	Ozone is protective in the stratosphere, but on the ground-level, it is toxic to humans in high concentration. Photochemical ozone, also called ground-level ozone, is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and sunlight. The impact category depends largely on the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonium and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). Photochemical ozone creation potential (also known as summer smog) for emission of substances to air is calculated with the United Nations Economic Commission for 22 Europe (UNECE) trajectory model (including fate) and expressed using the reference unit, kg ethylene (C2H4) equivalent.
Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADPel and ADPff) (kg Sb-eq)	The main concern of this category is the health of humans and the ecosystem and how it is affected by the extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, which are inputs into the system. For each extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, the abiotic depletion factor is determined. This indicator is on a global scale and is based on the concentration reserves and rate of deaccumulation. The results are presented in units of the reference element strontium (i.e. Sb). For the purposes of this EPD, this impact category is split between mineral elements (i.e. ADPel) and fossil fuels (i.e. ADPff).
Inventory metrics
Depletion of non-renewable material resources (NRM) (kg)	This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable resources that are extracted from the ground but not including energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas. This indicator includes the consumption of metallic ores, aggregates and other minerals. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable material resources (RM) (kg)	This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of renewable resources that are extracted from nature like sustainably harvested biomass. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Depletion of non-renewable energy resources (NRE) (MJ HHV)	This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable energy resources like oil, natural gas, and coal. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable primary energy (RE) (MJ HHV)	This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle extraction of renewable energy resources from nature like solar and wind energy as well as biomass for energy purposes. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Total primary energy consumption (PEC) (MJ HHV)	This indicator is the summatation of non-renewable and renewable energy extracted from nature, where the units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted/utilized/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Concrete batching water consumption (CBWC) (m3)	This indicator is defined as the direct water used in concrete mix batches. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete washing water consumption (CWWC) (m3)	This inidcator is defined as the direct washing water used at the facility. The units of measure are in cubic meters of wash water consumed.
Total water consumption (TWC) (m3)	This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of water required to produced the declared functional unit of a given product. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete hazardous waste (CHW) (kg)	This indicator considers the amount of hazardous waste waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.
Concrete non-hazardous waste (CNHW) (kg)	This indicator considers the direct amount of non-hazardous waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.

It should be noted that emerging LCA impact categories and inventory items are still under development and can have high levels of uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting data in the following categories.

Renewable primary energy resources as energy (fuel);
Renewable primary resources as material;
Non-renewable primary resources as energy (fuel);
Non-renewable primary resources as material;
Secondary Materials;
Renewable secondary fuels;
Non-renewable secondary fuels;
Recovered energy;
Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral resources.
Land use related impacts, for example on biodiversity and/or soil fertility;
Toxicological aspects;
Emissions from land use change [GWP 100 (land-use change)];
Hazardous waste disposed;
Non-hazardous waste disposed;
High-level radioactive waste;
Intermediate and low-level radioactive waste;
Components for reuse;
Materials for recycling;
Materials for energy recovery;
Recovered energy exported from the product system.

Total impact summary

The following table reports the total LCA results for each product produced at the given concrete plant on a per cubic meter of ready mixed concrete basis. This EPD was created using industry-average data for upstream materials.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 21: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	5.55	0.0684	146	9.04e-06	0.481	0.18	0.465	9.01	0.0172	1340	144	1190	474	1650	0.00202	63.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	7.74	0.073	157	1e-05	0.524	0.22	0.548	11.3	0.0183	1600	157	1440	514	1990	0.00273	67.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	6.62	0.0711	152	9.61e-06	0.506	0.202	0.503	10.3	0.0177	1470	152	1310	490	1800	0.00238	65.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	6.48	0.0712	152	9.57e-06	0.508	0.202	0.5	10.1	0.0178	1460	152	1310	488	1790	0.00237	65.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix1-51437	7.01	0.07	151	9.53e-06	0.506	0.216	0.536	10.6	0.0172	1570	152	1420	487	1790	0.00254	63.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix2-12090	7.74	0.0706	152	9.83e-06	0.509	0.214	0.514	11.3	0.0174	1520	154	1360	481	1860	0.00273	63.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix3-52453	5.72	0.0689	146	9.2e-06	0.484	0.187	0.467	9.53	0.0172	1360	146	1210	474	1790	0.00205	64	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix4-49463	5.55	0.0684	146	9.04e-06	0.481	0.18	0.465	9.01	0.0173	1340	144	1190	477	1650	0.00202	64.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix5-67256	6.46	0.0703	150	9.47e-06	0.501	0.202	0.506	10.1	0.0175	1470	151	1320	487	1770	0.00234	64.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix6-78460	7.31	0.0716	154	9.78e-06	0.518	0.22	0.546	10.9	0.0177	1600	156	1440	498	1800	0.00265	65	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix7-49164	6.34	0.0702	150	9.45e-06	0.496	0.19	0.478	9.85	0.0176	1380	149	1230	483	1750	0.00227	65.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix8-43807	7.52	0.0723	154	1e-05	0.513	0.208	0.492	11.3	0.0178	1460	155	1300	486	1990	0.00261	65.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix9-82248	6.48	0.0714	153	9.59e-06	0.509	0.203	0.512	10.1	0.0178	1490	153	1330	496	1770	0.00235	65.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix10-40172	6	0.071	151	9.48e-06	0.499	0.189	0.479	9.7	0.0179	1390	150	1240	490	1780	0.00215	66.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix11-34551	7.16	0.0728	156	9.94e-06	0.521	0.212	0.522	10.9	0.0181	1530	157	1370	501	1870	0.00256	66.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix12-41012	5.86	0.0717	152	9.55e-06	0.503	0.191	0.481	9.74	0.018	1390	151	1240	494	1830	0.0021	66.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix13-70105	6.47	0.073	157	9.73e-06	0.524	0.214	0.548	10.2	0.0182	1590	157	1430	514	1780	0.00239	67.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix14-54898	7.01	0.0728	156	9.9e-06	0.516	0.198	0.494	10.5	0.0183	1440	155	1280	499	1800	0.00249	67.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 22: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	5.44	0.0725	154	9.46e-06	0.507	0.183	0.485	9.03	0.0185	1380	151	1230	506	1690	0.00201	67.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.1	0.0778	168	1.05e-05	0.56	0.234	0.578	11.9	0.0195	1670	168	1500	547	2010	0.00285	72.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.02	0.0756	162	1.02e-05	0.538	0.211	0.533	10.7	0.0189	1540	161	1380	524	1850	0.00253	70	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	7.11	0.0756	162	1.02e-05	0.541	0.21	0.53	10.8	0.019	1540	162	1380	520	1860	0.00252	70	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix15-48687	7.99	0.0755	163	1.04e-05	0.545	0.234	0.566	11.9	0.0185	1670	165	1500	518	2010	0.00285	67.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix16-40586	7.76	0.0754	162	1.03e-05	0.544	0.231	0.565	11.6	0.0186	1660	164	1490	520	1950	0.00279	68.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix17-57984	7.08	0.0739	158	1.01e-05	0.523	0.201	0.499	10.7	0.0185	1450	157	1290	506	1850	0.00251	68.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix18-60894	5.44	0.0725	154	9.46e-06	0.507	0.183	0.485	9.03	0.0185	1380	151	1230	508	1690	0.00201	68.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix19-24977	7.99	0.0761	164	1.05e-05	0.546	0.224	0.542	11.8	0.0188	1600	165	1430	519	2000	0.00282	69.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix20-23883	5.72	0.0746	159	9.73e-06	0.53	0.211	0.551	9.71	0.0187	1580	158	1420	529	1790	0.00216	69.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix21-68443	7.85	0.0757	162	1.04e-05	0.538	0.209	0.512	11.3	0.0189	1500	162	1330	515	1900	0.00276	69.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix22-45196	7.14	0.0756	161	1.03e-05	0.534	0.204	0.507	10.8	0.019	1480	161	1310	517	1910	0.00253	70.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix23-83838	8.1	0.0763	164	1.05e-05	0.544	0.21	0.517	11.4	0.0191	1510	164	1340	519	1880	0.00285	70.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix24-90932	6.98	0.0755	162	1.02e-05	0.534	0.199	0.508	10.4	0.0191	1460	160	1300	521	1790	0.0025	70.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix25-93678	6.43	0.0761	163	1e-05	0.544	0.214	0.564	10	0.0192	1610	162	1450	540	1720	0.00241	71.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix26-17537	6.19	0.0756	161	1e-05	0.531	0.193	0.503	9.82	0.0192	1440	159	1280	526	1780	0.00225	71.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix27-78614	7.58	0.0778	168	1.05e-05	0.56	0.226	0.578	11.1	0.0195	1670	168	1500	545	1830	0.00277	71.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix28-66120	5.96	0.0774	165	1.01e-05	0.549	0.217	0.565	10.1	0.0194	1620	164	1460	547	1860	0.00223	72.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 23: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	5.72	0.0766	164	9.88e-06	0.542	0.195	0.515	9.37	0.0195	1470	161	1300	543	1670	0.00215	72.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.03	0.0821	177	1.11e-05	0.59	0.237	0.6	11.9	0.0207	1740	177	1560	574	1980	0.00291	76.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	6.91	0.0794	170	1.05e-05	0.564	0.214	0.558	10.6	0.0201	1600	169	1430	557	1830	0.00254	74.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	7.14	0.0791	170	1.06e-05	0.563	0.214	0.556	10.7	0.02	1600	168	1420	554	1840	0.00262	74.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix29-76630	5.72	0.0766	164	9.88e-06	0.545	0.207	0.563	9.37	0.0195	1600	162	1430	549	1670	0.0022	72.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix30-78914	5.95	0.0767	164	9.99e-06	0.542	0.2	0.536	9.54	0.0196	1520	161	1360	543	1700	0.00223	72.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix31-44410	7.01	0.0783	168	1.05e-05	0.556	0.214	0.549	10.7	0.0197	1580	167	1410	546	1860	0.00255	73.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix32-16520	7.48	0.0792	171	1.06e-05	0.569	0.227	0.584	11.1	0.0199	1690	170	1510	556	1840	0.00275	73.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix33-17356	6.14	0.0777	166	1.01e-05	0.549	0.202	0.542	9.69	0.0198	1540	164	1380	550	1710	0.0023	73.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix34-15734	7.17	0.079	170	1.06e-05	0.562	0.214	0.554	10.7	0.02	1590	168	1420	552	1810	0.00262	74.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix35-43900	7.42	0.0802	172	1.08e-05	0.57	0.222	0.559	11.3	0.0201	1620	171	1450	554	1970	0.00267	74.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix36-49520	5.86	0.0785	166	1.03e-05	0.548	0.195	0.515	9.72	0.02	1470	163	1300	548	1840	0.00215	74.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix37-98563	5.92	0.0785	168	1.02e-05	0.554	0.2	0.546	9.47	0.0201	1540	165	1380	559	1690	0.00224	75	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix38-56668	7.37	0.0798	171	1.07e-05	0.564	0.205	0.531	10.8	0.0203	1520	169	1350	553	1830	0.00265	75.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix39-94166	8	0.0821	177	1.11e-05	0.59	0.237	0.6	11.9	0.0205	1740	177	1560	572	1980	0.00291	75.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix40-48317	7.56	0.082	176	1.1e-05	0.587	0.233	0.597	11.4	0.0206	1720	176	1550	574	1940	0.00277	76	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix41-41141	8.03	0.082	176	1.11e-05	0.585	0.225	0.573	11.6	0.0207	1650	175	1480	568	1930	0.00289	76.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix42-79518	7.1	0.0812	174	1.08e-05	0.577	0.215	0.565	10.7	0.0207	1610	172	1440	570	1820	0.00261	76.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 24: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	5.63	0.0801	170	1.03e-05	0.558	0.19	0.523	9.25	0.0207	1470	166	1300	564	1730	0.00211	77	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.42	0.0867	186	1.16e-05	0.619	0.244	0.622	12.3	0.0219	1790	185	1600	608	2030	0.00305	81.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.11	0.0838	179	1.11e-05	0.594	0.221	0.582	10.9	0.0213	1660	177	1480	589	1900	0.00262	79.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	7.24	0.084	180	1.11e-05	0.595	0.222	0.581	10.9	0.0213	1680	178	1500	590	1880	0.00266	79.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix43-25148	6.79	0.0812	173	1.08e-05	0.57	0.204	0.534	10.5	0.0207	1530	170	1350	564	1880	0.00246	77	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix44-14865	5.63	0.0801	170	1.03e-05	0.558	0.19	0.523	9.25	0.0207	1470	166	1300	566	1730	0.00211	77.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix45-79146	8.17	0.0837	180	1.14e-05	0.596	0.231	0.581	12	0.021	1680	179	1500	577	2030	0.00293	77.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix46-29683	7.21	0.0834	179	1.1e-05	0.595	0.231	0.602	11.1	0.021	1730	177	1550	588	1920	0.00267	78	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix47-33357	7.39	0.083	178	1.11e-05	0.589	0.219	0.575	11	0.0211	1640	176	1470	581	1860	0.00271	78.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix48-49870	8.42	0.0851	183	1.15e-05	0.611	0.244	0.617	12.3	0.0213	1790	183	1600	592	2030	0.00305	78.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix49-23772	7.75	0.084	180	1.13e-05	0.597	0.224	0.581	11.4	0.0213	1670	179	1490	586	1920	0.00282	79	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix50-80134	6.39	0.0833	177	1.09e-05	0.586	0.213	0.57	10.2	0.0213	1620	174	1440	588	1860	0.00238	79.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix51-44215	7.01	0.0845	181	1.11e-05	0.601	0.229	0.607	10.9	0.0214	1730	179	1550	599	1880	0.00262	79.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix52-28562	6.12	0.0841	179	1.08e-05	0.595	0.221	0.6	10.1	0.0214	1700	176	1520	601	1850	0.00233	79.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix53-97581	7.28	0.0849	183	1.12e-05	0.606	0.229	0.612	10.9	0.0216	1740	180	1560	603	1830	0.00272	80.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix54-65193	6.13	0.0844	179	1.09e-05	0.592	0.212	0.574	10.1	0.0216	1620	176	1450	597	1880	0.0023	80.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix55-42548	7.89	0.0867	186	1.16e-05	0.619	0.24	0.622	11.8	0.0219	1790	185	1600	608	2000	0.00289	80.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix56-29149	7.3	0.085	182	1.13e-05	0.598	0.209	0.556	10.8	0.0218	1580	178	1400	593	1860	0.00266	81.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 25: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	5.7	0.0861	183	1.1e-05	0.599	0.196	0.554	9.38	0.022	1540	177	1360	604	1760	0.00216	81.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.3	0.0907	194	1.21e-05	0.645	0.246	0.642	12.1	0.023	1840	192	1640	639	2080	0.00303	85.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.63	0.0883	189	1.17e-05	0.624	0.227	0.599	11.4	0.0225	1710	186	1520	618	1970	0.00279	83.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	7.86	0.0884	189	1.18e-05	0.624	0.226	0.595	11.7	0.0225	1700	187	1520	615	1970	0.0029	83.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix57-23464	7.69	0.0861	185	1.15e-05	0.611	0.224	0.592	11.3	0.022	1690	182	1500	604	1890	0.00282	81.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix58-86896	8.14	0.087	187	1.17e-05	0.619	0.231	0.598	11.8	0.0221	1710	185	1530	606	1970	0.00295	81.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix59-53578	8.27	0.0878	189	1.18e-05	0.629	0.242	0.631	12	0.0222	1810	188	1620	617	1970	0.00303	82.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix60-28084	8.04	0.088	189	1.18e-05	0.624	0.234	0.601	12	0.0223	1730	187	1540	611	2080	0.0029	82.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix61-47667	6.9	0.0871	186	1.14e-05	0.613	0.222	0.591	10.9	0.0223	1680	182	1500	613	1950	0.00255	82.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix62-93187	7.53	0.0884	189	1.17e-05	0.629	0.239	0.629	11.5	0.0224	1800	187	1610	623	1990	0.00279	83.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix63-56096	8.3	0.0885	189	1.2e-05	0.624	0.226	0.577	12.1	0.0225	1660	187	1470	609	2070	0.00296	83.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix64-22568	8.27	0.0886	190	1.19e-05	0.625	0.224	0.578	11.9	0.0226	1660	187	1470	611	2020	0.00296	83.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix65-92565	5.7	0.0862	183	1.1e-05	0.599	0.196	0.554	9.38	0.0225	1540	177	1360	613	1760	0.00216	84.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix66-61831	7.62	0.0888	190	1.17e-05	0.628	0.227	0.604	11.3	0.0227	1720	187	1530	624	1930	0.00281	84.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix67-35399	8.26	0.0896	192	1.21e-05	0.631	0.226	0.583	12.1	0.0229	1670	189	1480	618	2070	0.00295	84.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix68-36107	7.96	0.0907	194	1.21e-05	0.645	0.246	0.642	12	0.023	1840	192	1640	637	2070	0.00293	85.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix69-52805	7.77	0.0904	194	1.19e-05	0.643	0.241	0.64	11.6	0.023	1820	191	1630	639	1970	0.00289	85.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix70-62517	6.38	0.0885	188	1.14e-05	0.616	0.206	0.568	10.1	0.0229	1590	183	1410	624	1860	0.00238	85.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 26: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	5.92	0.0902	192	1.16e-05	0.628	0.207	0.577	9.71	0.0232	1610	186	1420	636	1800	0.0023	86.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.45	0.0949	204	1.26e-05	0.676	0.249	0.667	12.2	0.0243	1890	201	1690	671	2090	0.00313	90.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.55	0.0921	197	1.21e-05	0.648	0.227	0.612	11.3	0.0237	1730	193	1530	647	1970	0.00278	88.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	7.53	0.0918	196	1.21e-05	0.647	0.226	0.607	11.3	0.0237	1710	192	1520	644	1980	0.00277	88.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix71-76065	8.09	0.091	196	1.21e-05	0.649	0.242	0.646	11.8	0.0232	1840	193	1640	644	1950	0.003	86.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix72-67316	7.05	0.0909	194	1.18e-05	0.643	0.236	0.638	11.1	0.0232	1810	191	1620	646	1980	0.00265	86.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix73-77962	7.47	0.0908	194	1.19e-05	0.641	0.228	0.613	11.3	0.0233	1740	190	1540	640	1960	0.00276	86.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix74-92375	7.19	0.0908	194	1.19e-05	0.639	0.225	0.612	11	0.0234	1730	190	1530	642	1920	0.00268	87.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix75-33639	7.45	0.0912	194	1.2e-05	0.638	0.22	0.586	11.3	0.0235	1660	190	1470	636	2030	0.00271	87.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix76-75699	6.43	0.0902	192	1.16e-05	0.628	0.207	0.577	10.2	0.0235	1610	186	1420	638	1870	0.0024	87.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix77-95900	8.25	0.0921	197	1.23e-05	0.649	0.226	0.596	11.9	0.0237	1690	193	1500	640	2010	0.00298	88.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix78-36869	7.59	0.0916	196	1.21e-05	0.643	0.217	0.591	11.1	0.0237	1660	191	1470	642	1920	0.00278	88.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix79-69938	8.11	0.0925	198	1.23e-05	0.651	0.224	0.597	11.7	0.0239	1690	194	1500	645	1990	0.00294	88.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix80-10639	7.82	0.0935	200	1.24e-05	0.659	0.236	0.627	11.8	0.0239	1780	196	1580	655	2070	0.00287	89	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix81-33656	8.36	0.0937	201	1.25e-05	0.659	0.23	0.603	12.2	0.024	1720	197	1520	649	2090	0.00301	89.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix82-38872	7.46	0.0932	199	1.22e-05	0.651	0.221	0.596	11.3	0.024	1680	194	1490	651	2020	0.00273	89.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix83-78809	8.45	0.0949	204	1.26e-05	0.676	0.249	0.667	12.2	0.0243	1890	201	1690	671	2010	0.00313	90	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix84-41475	5.92	0.0923	196	1.17e-05	0.644	0.213	0.613	9.71	0.0241	1700	190	1510	664	1800	0.0023	90.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 27: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	6.08	0.093	198	1.18e-05	0.647	0.206	0.592	9.89	0.0242	1640	191	1450	660	1750	0.00234	90.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.17	0.0979	210	1.28e-05	0.693	0.25	0.678	12.1	0.0254	1920	205	1710	704	2070	0.00306	94.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.12	0.0957	204	1.24e-05	0.671	0.228	0.636	10.9	0.0248	1780	199	1580	681	1940	0.00269	92.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	7.18	0.096	205	1.24e-05	0.673	0.224	0.634	11.1	0.0249	1780	199	1580	680	1960	0.0027	92.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix85-66864	6.28	0.093	199	1.18e-05	0.655	0.224	0.647	9.94	0.0242	1790	193	1600	675	1750	0.00247	90.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix86-63612	6.56	0.093	198	1.19e-05	0.647	0.209	0.592	10.2	0.0243	1640	191	1450	660	1860	0.00247	91	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix87-97915	7.32	0.0949	203	1.24e-05	0.666	0.231	0.632	11.3	0.0245	1780	198	1580	671	2010	0.00273	91.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix88-97202	8.05	0.0964	207	1.27e-05	0.683	0.25	0.671	12.1	0.0246	1900	203	1700	682	2070	0.00299	91.7	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix89-74484	6.08	0.0943	200	1.2e-05	0.657	0.219	0.623	10.1	0.0245	1730	194	1540	675	1910	0.00234	92	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix90-16147	7.03	0.095	202	1.23e-05	0.661	0.218	0.603	10.9	0.0247	1690	196	1490	669	1970	0.00261	92.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix91-77401	7.79	0.0965	206	1.26e-05	0.679	0.237	0.642	11.7	0.0249	1810	202	1610	680	2050	0.00289	92.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix92-74070	7.03	0.0956	204	1.23e-05	0.671	0.225	0.635	10.7	0.0249	1770	198	1570	682	1890	0.00267	93	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix93-12907	8.17	0.0976	210	1.28e-05	0.693	0.25	0.678	12	0.0251	1920	205	1710	693	2020	0.00306	93.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix94-31027	6.36	0.0948	202	1.21e-05	0.659	0.206	0.601	9.89	0.025	1650	194	1460	678	1790	0.00243	93.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix95-78129	7.62	0.0966	206	1.26e-05	0.675	0.222	0.615	11.3	0.0252	1720	200	1520	680	1960	0.00282	93.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix96-58155	7.48	0.0971	207	1.26e-05	0.677	0.223	0.616	11.3	0.0252	1720	201	1520	683	2010	0.00276	94.3	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix97-52407	7.36	0.0979	210	1.26e-05	0.692	0.242	0.676	11.3	0.0253	1890	204	1690	702	1950	0.00281	94.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix98-90896	6.54	0.0974	208	1.23e-05	0.685	0.233	0.669	10.4	0.0254	1860	202	1650	704	1870	0.00255	94.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 28: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	6.24	0.0982	210	1.24e-05	0.687	0.215	0.624	10	0.0256	1720	203	1510	694	1790	0.00239	95.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.73	0.103	221	1.34e-05	0.729	0.256	0.706	12.5	0.0267	1980	216	1760	735	2120	0.00325	99.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.84	0.1	215	1.3e-05	0.705	0.237	0.662	11.6	0.0261	1850	209	1640	712	1980	0.00294	97.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	8.27	0.1	215	1.3e-05	0.704	0.236	0.66	11.9	0.026	1840	208	1640	714	1980	0.00309	97.4	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix99-30598	8.43	0.0987	212	1.3e-05	0.697	0.239	0.658	11.9	0.0256	1850	207	1640	698	1960	0.00313	95.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix100-27840	8.6	0.0996	215	1.31e-05	0.709	0.252	0.692	12.2	0.0257	1950	210	1730	709	1980	0.00322	95.6	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix101-39315	7.77	0.0982	210	1.28e-05	0.687	0.223	0.625	11.3	0.0257	1740	203	1530	694	1930	0.00289	95.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix102-21923	8.73	0.101	216	1.32e-05	0.715	0.256	0.696	12.5	0.0259	1960	212	1750	713	2040	0.00325	96.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix103-60611	8.62	0.1	214	1.32e-05	0.702	0.235	0.637	12.3	0.0259	1790	208	1580	698	2080	0.00314	96.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix104-28058	8.53	0.1	215	1.33e-05	0.704	0.236	0.638	12.3	0.026	1800	209	1590	701	2120	0.0031	96.9	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix105-89328	6.28	0.0988	211	1.24e-05	0.694	0.229	0.676	10	0.0259	1860	204	1650	720	1790	0.0025	97.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix106-29155	7.43	0.0997	213	1.28e-05	0.7	0.23	0.658	11	0.0261	1820	207	1620	714	1880	0.00283	97.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix107-69313	8.39	0.101	217	1.33e-05	0.713	0.243	0.67	12.1	0.0263	1880	211	1660	716	2020	0.00312	97.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix108-64157	7.27	0.101	215	1.29e-05	0.705	0.234	0.661	11.2	0.0262	1840	208	1630	718	1990	0.00276	98.2	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix109-50909	8.35	0.101	217	1.32e-05	0.708	0.23	0.641	11.8	0.0264	1790	210	1580	712	1960	0.00308	98.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix110-74156	6.24	0.1	212	1.26e-05	0.691	0.215	0.624	10.2	0.0263	1720	204	1510	714	1950	0.00239	98.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix111-13297	6.86	0.102	217	1.29e-05	0.714	0.243	0.692	11	0.0265	1920	211	1710	733	2010	0.00266	99.1	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix112-68267	8.2	0.103	221	1.34e-05	0.729	0.255	0.706	12.1	0.0267	1980	216	1760	735	2060	0.0031	99.5	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 29: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	5.93	0.101	216	1.27e-05	0.707	0.207	0.637	9.45	0.0268	1720	208	1510	734	1750	0.00235	99.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.63	0.106	226	1.36e-05	0.741	0.26	0.716	12.5	0.0277	2000	219	1780	767	2150	0.00324	104	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.45	0.104	222	1.33e-05	0.73	0.24	0.691	11.3	0.0272	1910	215	1700	748	1960	0.00286	102	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	7.68	0.104	223	1.34e-05	0.734	0.242	0.703	11.6	0.0273	1940	217	1720	746	1960	0.00292	102	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix113-52866	8.63	0.104	223	1.36e-05	0.735	0.258	0.711	12.4	0.0268	2000	217	1780	738	2060	0.00324	99.8	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix114-40620	8.37	0.104	223	1.36e-05	0.736	0.26	0.711	12.5	0.0269	2000	218	1780	740	2150	0.00314	100	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix115-85134	6.39	0.101	216	1.28e-05	0.707	0.223	0.662	10.2	0.0268	1810	208	1600	734	1850	0.00251	100	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix116-15184	7.53	0.103	221	1.32e-05	0.729	0.246	0.704	11.4	0.027	1960	215	1740	744	1960	0.0029	101	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix117-86884	7.64	0.104	223	1.34e-05	0.733	0.25	0.708	11.6	0.0271	1970	216	1750	747	2030	0.00292	101	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix118-81051	7.82	0.104	223	1.34e-05	0.735	0.249	0.71	11.6	0.0272	1970	217	1750	749	1960	0.003	101	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix119-35931	8.27	0.105	225	1.36e-05	0.741	0.253	0.716	12	0.0273	1990	219	1770	751	1980	0.00315	102	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix120-47944	8.2	0.104	224	1.35e-05	0.734	0.241	0.686	11.8	0.0273	1900	217	1680	745	1960	0.00309	102	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix121-44052	6.6	0.104	222	1.3e-05	0.728	0.238	0.702	10.5	0.0273	1930	214	1710	756	1880	0.00262	102	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix122-69047	6.69	0.104	220	1.31e-05	0.717	0.22	0.645	10.5	0.0273	1770	211	1550	741	1940	0.00257	103	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix123-19252	5.93	0.103	218	1.27e-05	0.708	0.207	0.637	9.45	0.0274	1720	208	1510	743	1750	0.00235	103	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix124-45516	7.71	0.105	225	1.35e-05	0.738	0.239	0.687	11.5	0.0276	1900	218	1680	754	1990	0.00293	103	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix125-44215	7.77	0.106	226	1.36e-05	0.741	0.241	0.689	11.6	0.0277	1910	218	1690	756	2000	0.00295	104	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix126-47235	6.72	0.106	225	1.33e-05	0.74	0.242	0.711	10.7	0.0277	1960	217	1740	767	1930	0.00266	104	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Mix designs: >60MPa

Table 30: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: >60MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix

Indicator/LCI Metric	AP	EP	GWP	ODP	PCOP	ADPe	ADPf	LFW	LFHW	TPE	RE	NRE	WDP	NRR	RR	CBWC	CWWC	CHW	CNHW
Unit	moles of H+-Eq	kg N	kg CO2-Eq	kg CFC-11-Eq	kg NOx-Eq	kg Sbeq	kg Sbeq	kg waste	kg waste	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	MJ-Eq	m3	kg	kg	m3	m3	kg	kg
Minimum	6.31	0.105	224	1.32e-05	0.728	0.217	0.652	10.2	0.0279	1780	214	1560	752	1910	0.00246	104	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Maximum	8.81	0.109	233	1.42e-05	0.764	0.254	0.732	12.7	0.0283	2020	226	1800	780	2140	0.00328	106	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mean	7.92	0.107	229	1.38e-05	0.749	0.24	0.692	11.6	0.0281	1910	221	1690	765	2000	0.003	105	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Median	8.04	0.107	229	1.38e-05	0.75	0.243	0.698	11.7	0.028	1930	222	1700	764	1990	0.00305	105	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix127-50156	8.03	0.106	227	1.37e-05	0.739	0.232	0.664	11.6	0.0279	1830	218	1610	752	1990	0.00301	104	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix128-36304	7.59	0.106	227	1.35e-05	0.743	0.236	0.691	11.2	0.0279	1900	219	1680	763	1910	0.00292	105	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix129-28380	8.73	0.108	231	1.4e-05	0.758	0.25	0.704	12.3	0.0281	1960	224	1730	765	2050	0.00327	105	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix130-60520	6.31	0.105	224	1.32e-05	0.728	0.217	0.652	10.2	0.028	1780	214	1560	759	1910	0.00246	105	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix131-93928	8.81	0.109	233	1.42e-05	0.764	0.254	0.709	12.7	0.0283	1980	226	1750	770	2140	0.00328	106	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303
Mix132-31569	8.04	0.108	232	1.39e-05	0.763	0.254	0.732	11.8	0.0283	2020	225	1800	780	1990	0.00309	106	0.00673	9.09e-05	0.303

Additional Environmental Information

No regulated substances of very high concern are utilized on site

References

ASTM Standards:

ASTM A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A108 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished
ASTM A123/A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
ASTM A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
ASTM A184 Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
ASTM A416/A416M Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
ASTM A555/A555M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
ASTM A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A666 Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar
ASTM A706/A706M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A767/A767M Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A775/A775M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars
ASTM A820/A820M Standard Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
ASTM A884/A884M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement
ASTM A934/A934M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars
ASTM A1064/A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
ASTM C33/C33M Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C94 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
ASTM C150/C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C260/C260M Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C330/C330M Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
ASTM C494/C494M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C595 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
ASTM C979/C979M Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
ASTM C989/C989M Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
ASTM C1017/C1017M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
ASTM C1116/C1116M Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
ASTM C1157/C1157M Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
ASTM C1602/C1602M Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
ASTM G109 Standard Test Method for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

CSA Standards:

CAN/CGSB-1.40 Anticorrosive Structural Steel Alkyd Primer
CAN/CSA A23.1/A23.2 Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test methods and Standard Practices for Concrete
CAN/CSA A23.4 Precast concrete - Materials and construction
CAN/CSA A3000 Cementitious Materials Compendium
CAN/CSA G30.18 Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement
CAN/CSA G40.20/G40.21 General requirements for rolled or welded structural quality steel / Structural quality steel
CSA S806 Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers

ISO Standards:

ISO 6707-1: 2014 Buildings and Civil Engineering Works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General Terms
ISO 14021:1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Self-declared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
ISO 14025:2006 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Type III Environmental Declarations — Principles and Procedures
ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework
ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines
ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Footprint of Products – Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification
ISO 14050:2009 Environmental Management — Vocabulary
ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction — Environmental Declaration of Building Products

EN Standards:

EN 16757 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Product Category Rules for concrete and concrete elements
EN 15804 Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations —Core rules for the product category of construction products

Other References:

American Concrete Institute (ACI) 211: Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete.
ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, MI, USA available at https://www.concrete.org/store/
Carbon Leadership Forum (February, 2019). Product Category Rules (PCR) for ISO 14025 Type III Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) of Concrete v1.2.
Mather, B & Ozyildirim, C. (2002). SP-1(02) : Concrete Primer. American Concrete Institute : SP0102. American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, MI, USA available at https://www.concrete.org/store/
USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction, 11 Jan 2019 available at https://www.usgbc.org/resources/pcr-committee-process-resources-part-b
USGBC PCR Committee Process & Resources: Part B, USGBC, 7 July 2017 available at https://www.usgbc.org/resources/pcr-committee-process-resources-part-b.
Product Category Rules for Preparing an Environmental Product Declaration for Precast Concrete (UN CPC 37550), ASTM International, March 2015. https://www.astm.org/CERTIFICATION/DOCS/266.PCR_for_Precast_Concrete.pdf
Product Category Rules for Portland, Blended Hydraulic, Masonry, Mortar, and Plastic (Stucco) Cements, ASTM International, September 2014. http://www.astm.org/CERTIFICATION/filtrexx40.cgi?-P+PROG+7+cert_detail.frm
US EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM) – Fly Ash Chapter: http://epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/fly-ash-chapter10-28-10.pdf 6

Appendix A: Master Table of aggregated impact results

Table 31: A reference to all impact indicators and metrics considered

environmental impact: acidification	moles of H+-Eq	AP..mol.H.eq
environmental impact: eutrophication	kg N	EP.kg.N.eq
environmental impact: ecotoxicity	kg 2,4-D-Eq	ETP.kg.2.4.D.eq
environmental impact: global warming	kg CO2-Eq	GWP.kg.CO2.eq
environmental impact: ozone depletion	kg CFC-11-Eq	ODP.kg.CFC.11.eq
environmental impact: photochemical oxidation	kg NOx-Eq	PCOP.kg.NOx.eq
human health: carcinogenics	kg benzene-Eq	HHC.kg.C6H6.eq
human health: non-carcinogenics	kg toluene-Eq	HHNC.kg.C7H8.eq
human health: respiratory effects, average	kg PM2.5-Eq	HHRE.kg.PM2.5.eq
biomass: renewable energy resources, biomass	MJ-Eq	RER.bio.MJ.eq
geothermal: renewable energy resources, geothermal, converted	MJ-Eq	RER.geo.MJ.eq
solar: renewable energy resources, solar, converted	MJ-Eq	RER.sol.MJ.eq
wind: renewable energy resources, kinetic (in wind), converted	MJ-Eq	RER.wnd.MJ.eq
water: renewable energy resources, potential (in barrage water), converted	MJ-Eq	RER.H2O.MJ.eq
fossil: non-renewable energy resources, fossil	MJ-Eq	NRER.ff.MJ.eq
nuclear: non-renewable energy resources, nuclear	MJ-Eq	NRER.nuc.MJ.eq
primary forest: non-renewable energy resources, primary forest	MJ-Eq	NRER.primBio.MJ.eq
land filling: bulk waste	kg waste	LFW.kg.wste
land filling: hazardous waste	kg waste	LFHW.kg.wste
Non-Renewable Resources	kg	NRR.kg
renewable resources: wood	m3	RR.wood.kg
water depletion: WDP	m3	WDP.kg
Abiotic Depletion-elements	kg Sbeq	ADPe.kg.SB.eq
Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels	kg Sbeq	ADPf.kg.SB.eq
Total primary energy	MJ-Eq	TPE.MJ.eq
Renewable energy	MJ-Eq	RE.MJ.eq
Non-renewable energy	MJ-Eq	NRE.MJ.eq
Renewable Resources	kg	RR.kg

Table 32: A master table of all results across all products (A1 to A3 aggregated)

Environmental Product Declaration for various ready mix concrete designs produced by Ready Mix Inc. at their Lower Mainland facility in Maple Ridge

Environmental Product Declaration for various ready mix concrete designs produced by Ready Mix Inc. at their Lower Mainland facility in Maple Ridge

Administrative information

International Certified Environmental Product Declaration

Company Description

Study Goal

Description of product and scope

Ready Mix Concrete design summary

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Mix designs: >60MPa

Ready Mix Concrete design composition

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Mix designs: >60MPa

A1 raw material recycled content and material losses

System boundaries

Cut-off criteria

Data Sources and Data Quality Assessment

Data Quality Assessment

Environmental Indicators and Inventory Metrics

Total impact summary

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Mix designs: >60MPa

Additional Environmental Information

References

Appendix A: Master Table of aggregated impact results