Environmental Product Declaration for various ready mix concrete designs produced by Ready Mix Inc. at their Lower Mainland facility in Maple Ridge

Environmental Product Declaration for various ready mix concrete designs produced by Ready Mix Inc. at their Lower Mainland facility in British Columbia, Canada



Administrative information

International Certified Environmental Product Declaration


Company Description

Ready Mix Inc. aims to be the undisputed leader in building materials.

Study Goal

The intended application of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is to comply with the procedures for creating a Type III environmental product declaration (EPD) and publish the EPD for public review on the website, https://p3optima.com/ . This level of study is in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) for ready mix concrete published by NSF International (2019) and is a sub-PCR of International Standards Organization (ISO) 21930:2017 Sustainability in buildings and civil works - Core rules for EPDs of construction products and services; International Standards Organization (ISO) 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations, Type III environmental declarations-Principles and procedures; ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment- Requirements and guidelines; and ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework. The performance of this study and its subsequent publishing is in alignment with the business to business (B2B) communication requirements for the environmental assessment of building products. The study does not intend to support comparative assertions and is intended to be disclosed to the public.

This project report was commissioned to differentiate Ready Mix Inc. from their competition, thus generating an advantage for the organization; offer customers information to help them make informed product decisions; improve the environmental performance of Ready Mix Inc. by continuously measuring, controlling and reducing the environmental impacts of their products; help project facilitators working on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects achieve their credit goal; and to strengthen Ready Mix Inc.’s license to operate in the community. Ready Mix Inc. is committed to sustainable initiatives that measure and reduce their effect on the environment. The intended audience for this LCA report is Ready Mix Inc.’s employees, their suppliers, project specifiers of their products, architects, and engineers. The EPD report is also available for policy makers, government officials interested in sustainability, academic professors, and LCA professionals. This LCA report does not include product comparisons from other facilities.

Description of product and scope

Products covered by this EPD satisfy ready mix concrete as used in residential, commercial and public works applications in Canada. This EPD reports the impacts for different ready mix concrete products in accordance with the following standards depending on the final product and region:

Table 1: Ready Mix Concrete materials and their associated standards/specifications
Portland Cement ASTM C150, AASHTO M 85 or CSA A3001
Blended Hydraulic Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Portland-limestone Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Performance-based Hydraulic Cement ASTM C1157
Fine Aggregate - natural sand ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Fine Aggregate - manufactured ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - natural gravel ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - crushed ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Lightweight Aggregates ASTM C330/C330M
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) - Fly Ash ASTM C618, AASHTO M 295, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Silica Fume ASTM C1240, CSA A3000
SCMs - Blast Furnace Slag Cement ASTM C989/C989M, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Natural Pozzolan ASTM C618, CSA A3000
Chemical Admixture - Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C/E
Chemical Admixture - Air Entraining Agent ASTM C260/C260M
Chemical Admixture - Hardening Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C
Chemical Admixture - Plasticizer & suerplasticizers ASTM C494/C494M Type F/G, ASTM C1017/C1017M
Chemical Admixture - Retarders ASTM C494/C494M Type B/D
Chemical Admixture - Water reducing/resisting ASTM C494/C494M Type A/B/D/E
Chemcial Admixture - Coloring ASTM C979/C979M
Chemical Admixture - Corrosion Inhibitors ASTM C494 Type C/E, ASTM C1582/C1582M
Fibers ASTM C1116
Pigments ASTM C979/C979M
Batch Water ASTM C1602

This LCA assumes the impacts from products manufactured in accordance with the standards outlined in this report. This LCA is a “cradle-to-gate” study, and therefore, stages extending beyond the plant gate are not included in this LCA. Excluded stages include transportation of the manufactured material to the construction site; on-site construction processes and components; building (infrastructure) use and maintenance; and “end-of-life” effects.

Ready Mix Concrete design summary

The following tables provide a list of the ready mix concrete designs considered in this EPD along with key performance parameters.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 2: Declared products with Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
1 Mix1-51437 GU 15MPa Normal strength concrete 15.00 17.00 19.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
2 Mix2-12090 GU 15.4MPa Normal strength concrete 15.36 17.36 19.36 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
3 Mix3-52453 GU 15.7MPa Normal strength concrete 15.72 17.72 19.72 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
4 Mix4-49463 GU 16.1MPa Normal strength concrete 16.08 18.08 20.08 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
5 Mix5-67256 GU 16.4MPa Normal strength concrete 16.44 18.44 20.44 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
6 Mix6-78460 GU 16.8MPa Normal strength concrete 16.80 18.80 20.80 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
7 Mix7-49164 GU 17.2MPa Normal strength concrete 17.16 19.16 21.16 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
8 Mix8-43807 GU 17.5MPa Normal strength concrete 17.52 19.52 21.52 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
9 Mix9-82248 GU 17.9MPa Normal strength concrete 17.88 19.88 21.88 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
10 Mix10-40172 GU 18.2MPa Normal strength concrete 18.24 20.24 22.24 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
11 Mix11-34551 GU 18.6MPa Normal strength concrete 18.60 20.60 22.60 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
12 Mix12-41012 GU 19MPa Normal strength concrete 18.96 20.96 22.96 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
13 Mix13-70105 GU 19.3MPa Normal strength concrete 19.32 21.32 23.32 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
14 Mix14-54898 GU 19.7MPa Normal strength concrete 19.68 21.68 23.68 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 3: Declared products with Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
15 Mix15-48687 GU 20MPa Normal strength concrete 20.04 22.04 24.04 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
16 Mix16-40586 GU 20.4MPa Normal strength concrete 20.40 22.40 24.40 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
17 Mix17-57984 GU 20.8MPa Normal strength concrete 20.76 22.76 24.76 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
18 Mix18-60894 GU 21.1MPa Normal strength concrete 21.12 23.12 25.12 5 yes 0.4 F2 4 6
19 Mix19-24977 GU 21.5MPa Normal strength concrete 21.48 23.48 25.48 5 yes 0.4 F3 4 6
20 Mix20-23883 GU 21.8MPa Normal strength concrete 21.84 23.84 25.84 5 yes 0.4 F4 4 6
21 Mix21-68443 GU 22.2MPa Normal strength concrete 22.20 24.20 26.20 5 yes 0.4 F5 4 6
22 Mix22-45196 GU 22.6MPa Normal strength concrete 22.56 24.56 26.56 5 yes 0.4 F6 4 6
23 Mix23-83838 GU 22.9MPa Normal strength concrete 22.92 24.92 26.92 5 yes 0.4 F7 4 6
24 Mix24-90932 GU 23.3MPa Normal strength concrete 23.28 25.28 27.28 5 yes 0.4 F8 4 6
25 Mix25-93678 GU 23.6MPa Normal strength concrete 23.64 25.64 27.64 5 yes 0.4 F9 4 6
26 Mix26-17537 GU 24MPa Normal strength concrete 24.00 26.00 28.00 5 yes 0.4 F10 4 6
27 Mix27-78614 GU 24.4MPa Normal strength concrete 24.36 26.36 28.36 5 yes 0.4 F11 4 6
28 Mix28-66120 GU 24.7MPa Normal strength concrete 24.72 26.72 28.72 5 yes 0.4 F12 4 6

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 4: Declared products with Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
29 Mix29-76630 GU 25.1MPa Normal strength concrete 25.08 27.08 29.08 5 yes 0.4 F13 4 6
30 Mix30-78914 GU 25.4MPa Normal strength concrete 25.44 27.44 29.44 5 yes 0.4 F14 4 6
31 Mix31-44410 GU 25.8MPa Normal strength concrete 25.80 27.80 29.80 5 yes 0.4 F15 4 6
32 Mix32-16520 GU 26.2MPa Normal strength concrete 26.16 28.16 30.16 5 yes 0.4 F16 4 6
33 Mix33-17356 GU 26.5MPa Normal strength concrete 26.52 28.52 30.52 5 yes 0.4 F17 4 6
34 Mix34-15734 GU 26.9MPa Normal strength concrete 26.88 28.88 30.88 5 yes 0.4 F18 4 6
35 Mix35-43900 GU 27.2MPa Normal strength concrete 27.24 29.24 31.24 5 yes 0.4 F19 4 6
36 Mix36-49520 GU 27.6MPa Normal strength concrete 27.60 29.60 31.60 5 yes 0.4 F20 4 6
37 Mix37-98563 GU 28MPa Normal strength concrete 27.96 29.96 31.96 5 yes 0.4 F21 4 6
38 Mix38-56668 GU 28.3MPa Normal strength concrete 28.32 30.32 32.32 5 yes 0.4 F22 4 6
39 Mix39-94166 GU 28.7MPa Normal strength concrete 28.68 30.68 32.68 5 yes 0.4 F23 4 6
40 Mix40-48317 GU 29MPa Normal strength concrete 29.04 31.04 33.04 5 yes 0.4 F24 4 6
41 Mix41-41141 GU 29.4MPa Normal strength concrete 29.40 31.40 33.40 5 yes 0.4 F25 4 6
42 Mix42-79518 GU 29.8MPa Normal strength concrete 29.76 31.76 33.76 5 yes 0.4 F26 4 6

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 5: Declared products with Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
43 Mix43-25148 GU 30.1MPa Normal strength concrete 30.12 32.12 34.12 5 yes 0.4 F27 4 6
44 Mix44-14865 GU 30.5MPa Normal strength concrete 30.48 32.48 34.48 5 yes 0.4 F28 4 6
45 Mix45-79146 GU 30.8MPa Normal strength concrete 30.84 32.84 34.84 5 yes 0.4 F29 4 6
46 Mix46-29683 GU 31.2MPa Normal strength concrete 31.20 33.20 35.20 5 yes 0.4 F30 4 6
47 Mix47-33357 GU 31.6MPa Normal strength concrete 31.56 33.56 35.56 5 yes 0.4 F31 4 6
48 Mix48-49870 GU 31.9MPa Normal strength concrete 31.92 33.92 35.92 5 yes 0.4 F32 4 6
49 Mix49-23772 GU 32.3MPa Normal strength concrete 32.28 34.28 36.28 5 yes 0.4 F33 4 6
50 Mix50-80134 GU 32.6MPa Normal strength concrete 32.64 34.64 36.64 5 yes 0.4 F34 4 6
51 Mix51-44215 GU 33MPa Normal strength concrete 33.00 35.00 37.00 5 yes 0.4 F35 4 6
52 Mix52-28562 GU 33.4MPa Normal strength concrete 33.36 35.36 37.36 5 yes 0.4 F36 4 6
53 Mix53-97581 GU 33.7MPa Normal strength concrete 33.72 35.72 37.72 5 yes 0.4 F37 4 6
54 Mix54-65193 GU 34.1MPa Normal strength concrete 34.08 36.08 38.08 5 yes 0.4 F38 4 6
55 Mix55-42548 GU 34.4MPa Normal strength concrete 34.44 36.44 38.44 5 yes 0.4 F39 4 6
56 Mix56-29149 GU 34.8MPa Normal strength concrete 34.80 36.80 38.80 5 yes 0.4 F40 4 6

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 6: Declared products with Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
57 Mix57-23464 GU 35.2MPa Normal strength concrete 35.16 37.16 39.16 5 yes 0.4 F41 4 6
58 Mix58-86896 GU 35.5MPa Normal strength concrete 35.52 37.52 39.52 5 yes 0.4 F42 4 6
59 Mix59-53578 GU 35.9MPa Normal strength concrete 35.88 37.88 39.88 5 yes 0.4 F43 4 6
60 Mix60-28084 GU 36.2MPa Normal strength concrete 36.24 38.24 40.24 5 yes 0.4 F44 4 6
61 Mix61-47667 GU 36.6MPa Normal strength concrete 36.60 38.60 40.60 5 yes 0.4 F45 4 6
62 Mix62-93187 GU 37MPa Normal strength concrete 36.96 38.96 40.96 5 yes 0.4 F46 4 6
63 Mix63-56096 GU 37.3MPa Normal strength concrete 37.32 39.32 41.32 5 yes 0.4 F47 4 6
64 Mix64-22568 GU 37.7MPa Normal strength concrete 37.68 39.68 41.68 5 yes 0.4 F48 4 6
65 Mix65-92565 GU 38MPa Normal strength concrete 38.04 40.04 42.04 5 yes 0.4 F49 4 6
66 Mix66-61831 GU 38.4MPa Normal strength concrete 38.40 40.40 42.40 5 yes 0.4 F50 4 6
67 Mix67-35399 GU 38.8MPa Normal strength concrete 38.76 40.76 42.76 5 yes 0.4 F51 4 6
68 Mix68-36107 GU 39.1MPa Normal strength concrete 39.12 41.12 43.12 5 yes 0.4 F52 4 6
69 Mix69-52805 GU 39.5MPa Normal strength concrete 39.48 41.48 43.48 5 yes 0.4 F53 4 6
70 Mix70-62517 GU 39.8MPa Normal strength concrete 39.84 41.84 43.84 5 yes 0.4 F54 4 6

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 7: Declared products with Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
71 Mix71-76065 GU 40.2MPa Normal strength concrete 40.20 42.20 44.20 5 yes 0.4 F55 4 6
72 Mix72-67316 GU 40.6MPa Normal strength concrete 40.56 42.56 44.56 5 yes 0.4 F56 4 6
73 Mix73-77962 GU 40.9MPa Normal strength concrete 40.92 42.92 44.92 5 yes 0.4 F57 4 6
74 Mix74-92375 GU 41.3MPa Normal strength concrete 41.28 43.28 45.28 5 yes 0.4 F58 4 6
75 Mix75-33639 GU 41.6MPa Normal strength concrete 41.64 43.64 45.64 5 yes 0.4 F59 4 6
76 Mix76-75699 GU 42MPa Normal strength concrete 42.00 44.00 46.00 5 yes 0.4 F60 4 6
77 Mix77-95900 GU 42.4MPa Normal strength concrete 42.36 44.36 46.36 5 yes 0.4 F61 4 6
78 Mix78-36869 GU 42.7MPa Normal strength concrete 42.72 44.72 46.72 5 yes 0.4 F62 4 6
79 Mix79-69938 GU 43.1MPa Normal strength concrete 43.08 45.08 47.08 5 yes 0.4 F63 4 6
80 Mix80-10639 GU 43.4MPa Normal strength concrete 43.44 45.44 47.44 5 yes 0.4 F64 4 6
81 Mix81-33656 GU 43.8MPa Normal strength concrete 43.80 45.80 47.80 5 yes 0.4 F65 4 6
82 Mix82-38872 GU 44.2MPa Normal strength concrete 44.16 46.16 48.16 5 yes 0.4 F66 4 6
83 Mix83-78809 GU 44.5MPa Normal strength concrete 44.52 46.52 48.52 5 yes 0.4 F67 4 6
84 Mix84-41475 GU 44.9MPa Normal strength concrete 44.88 46.88 48.88 5 yes 0.4 F68 4 6

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 8: Declared products with Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
85 Mix85-66864 GU 45.2MPa Normal strength concrete 45.24 47.24 49.24 5 yes 0.4 F69 4 6
86 Mix86-63612 GU 45.6MPa Normal strength concrete 45.60 47.60 49.60 5 yes 0.4 F70 4 6
87 Mix87-97915 GU 46MPa Normal strength concrete 45.96 47.96 49.96 5 yes 0.4 F71 4 6
88 Mix88-97202 GU 46.3MPa Normal strength concrete 46.32 48.32 50.32 5 yes 0.4 F72 4 6
89 Mix89-74484 GU 46.7MPa Normal strength concrete 46.68 48.68 50.68 5 yes 0.4 F73 4 6
90 Mix90-16147 GU 47MPa Normal strength concrete 47.04 49.04 51.04 5 yes 0.4 F74 4 6
91 Mix91-77401 GU 47.4MPa Normal strength concrete 47.40 49.40 51.40 5 yes 0.4 F75 4 6
92 Mix92-74070 GU 47.8MPa Normal strength concrete 47.76 49.76 51.76 5 yes 0.4 F76 4 6
93 Mix93-12907 GU 48.1MPa Normal strength concrete 48.12 50.12 52.12 5 yes 0.4 F77 4 6
94 Mix94-31027 GU 48.5MPa Normal strength concrete 48.48 50.48 52.48 5 yes 0.4 F78 4 6
95 Mix95-78129 GU 48.8MPa Normal strength concrete 48.84 50.84 52.84 5 yes 0.4 F79 4 6
96 Mix96-58155 GU 49.2MPa Normal strength concrete 49.20 51.20 53.20 5 yes 0.4 F80 4 6
97 Mix97-52407 GU 49.6MPa Normal strength concrete 49.56 51.56 53.56 5 yes 0.4 F81 4 6
98 Mix98-90896 GU 49.9MPa Normal strength concrete 49.92 51.92 53.92 5 yes 0.4 F82 4 6

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 9: Declared products with Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
99 Mix99-30598 GU 50.3MPa Normal strength concrete 50.28 52.28 54.28 5 yes 0.4 F83 4 6
100 Mix100-27840 GU 50.6MPa Normal strength concrete 50.64 52.64 54.64 5 yes 0.4 F84 4 6
101 Mix101-39315 GU 51MPa Normal strength concrete 51.00 53.00 55.00 5 yes 0.4 F85 4 6
102 Mix102-21923 GU 51.4MPa Normal strength concrete 51.36 53.36 55.36 5 yes 0.4 F86 4 6
103 Mix103-60611 GU 51.7MPa Normal strength concrete 51.72 53.72 55.72 5 yes 0.4 F87 4 6
104 Mix104-28058 GU 52.1MPa Normal strength concrete 52.08 54.08 56.08 5 yes 0.4 F88 4 6
105 Mix105-89328 GU 52.4MPa Normal strength concrete 52.44 54.44 56.44 5 yes 0.4 F89 4 6
106 Mix106-29155 GU 52.8MPa Normal strength concrete 52.80 54.80 56.80 5 yes 0.4 F90 4 6
107 Mix107-69313 GU 53.2MPa Normal strength concrete 53.16 55.16 57.16 5 yes 0.4 F91 4 6
108 Mix108-64157 GU 53.5MPa Normal strength concrete 53.52 55.52 57.52 5 yes 0.4 F92 4 6
109 Mix109-50909 GU 53.9MPa Normal strength concrete 53.88 55.88 57.88 5 yes 0.4 F93 4 6
110 Mix110-74156 GU 54.2MPa Normal strength concrete 54.24 56.24 58.24 5 yes 0.4 F94 4 6
111 Mix111-13297 GU 54.6MPa Normal strength concrete 54.60 56.60 58.60 5 yes 0.4 F95 4 6
112 Mix112-68267 GU 55MPa Normal strength concrete 54.96 56.96 58.96 5 yes 0.4 F96 4 6

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 10: Declared products with Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
113 Mix113-52866 GU 55.3MPa Normal strength concrete 55.32 57.32 59.32 5 yes 0.4 F97 4 6
114 Mix114-40620 GU 55.7MPa Normal strength concrete 55.68 57.68 59.68 5 yes 0.4 F98 4 6
115 Mix115-85134 GU 56MPa Normal strength concrete 56.04 58.04 60.04 5 yes 0.4 F99 4 6
116 Mix116-15184 GU 56.4MPa Normal strength concrete 56.40 58.40 60.40 5 yes 0.4 F100 4 6
117 Mix117-86884 GU 56.8MPa Normal strength concrete 56.76 58.76 60.76 5 yes 0.4 F101 4 6
118 Mix118-81051 GU 57.1MPa Normal strength concrete 57.12 59.12 61.12 5 yes 0.4 F102 4 6
119 Mix119-35931 GU 57.5MPa Normal strength concrete 57.48 59.48 61.48 5 yes 0.4 F103 4 6
120 Mix120-47944 GU 57.8MPa Normal strength concrete 57.84 59.84 61.84 5 yes 0.4 F104 4 6
121 Mix121-44052 GU 58.2MPa Normal strength concrete 58.20 60.20 62.20 5 yes 0.4 F105 4 6
122 Mix122-69047 GU 58.6MPa Normal strength concrete 58.56 60.56 62.56 5 yes 0.4 F106 4 6
123 Mix123-19252 GU 58.9MPa Normal strength concrete 58.92 60.92 62.92 5 yes 0.4 F107 4 6
124 Mix124-45516 GU 59.3MPa Normal strength concrete 59.28 61.28 63.28 5 yes 0.4 F108 4 6
125 Mix125-44215 GU 59.6MPa Normal strength concrete 59.64 61.64 63.64 5 yes 0.4 F109 4 6
126 Mix126-47235 GU 60MPa Normal strength concrete 60.00 62.00 64.00 5 yes 0.4 F110 4 6

Mix designs: >60MPa

Table 11: Declared products with Mix designs: >60MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
127 Mix127-50156 GU 60.4MPa Normal strength concrete 60.36 62.36 64.36 5 yes 0.4 F111 4 6
128 Mix128-36304 GU 60.7MPa Normal strength concrete 60.72 62.72 64.72 5 yes 0.4 F112 4 6
129 Mix129-28380 GU 61.1MPa Normal strength concrete 61.08 63.08 65.08 5 yes 0.4 F113 4 6
130 Mix130-60520 GU 61.4MPa Normal strength concrete 61.44 63.44 65.44 5 yes 0.4 F114 4 6
131 Mix131-93928 GU 61.8MPa Normal strength concrete 61.80 63.80 65.80 5 yes 0.4 F115 4 6
132 Mix132-31569 GU 62.2MPa Normal strength concrete 62.16 64.16 66.16 5 yes 0.4 F116 4 6

Ready Mix Concrete design composition

The following figures provide an approximate mass breakdown (kg per m3) of the material composition of each ready mix concrete design considered. Please note that the presented breakdown has been randomly altered by +/-10%, and is therefore only an approximation; this manipulation is to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 1: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 2: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 3: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 4: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 5: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 6: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 7: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 8: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 9: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 10: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: >60MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

A1 raw material recycled content and material losses

The following table provides a list of the raw material inputs (module A1) across all products considered, their recyclability content and assumed material losses.

Table 12: Module A1 raw material inputs, the recyclability content and assumed material losses (dry basis)
product.name mix.category primary.content post.industrial.content post.consumer.content material.losses
xyz Admix Admixture 1 0 0 0.05
Gravel Coarse.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
Sand Fine.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
General use cement Cement 1 0 0 0.05
Tap water Water 1 0 0 0.05

System boundaries

As depicted in the figure below, this study considers a cradle-to-gate system boundary:

Figure 11: General life cycle phases for consideration in a construction works system. The red boundary line indicates the system scope considered in this LCA/EPD

This is a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle analysis reported in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) v2.3 2012:01 and the sub-PCR-F, Resilient, Textile and Laminate Floor Coverings 2012:01. The following three life cycle stages are included in the study: * A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes) - Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials used in manufacturing the declared products in this LCA. * A2: Transportation - Transportation of A1 materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the manufacturing facility (i.e. A3). * A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy and other utility inputs used to store, move, and manufacturer the declared products and to operate the facility.

As according to the PCR, the following figure illustrates the general activities and input requirements for producing ready mix concrete products and is not necessarily exhaustive.

Figure 12: General system inputs considered in the product system and categorized by modules A1 to A3

In addition, as according to the relevant PCR, the following requirements are excluded from this study:

  • Production, manufacture and construction of A3 building/capital goods and infrastructure;
    • Production and manufacture of steel production equipment, steel delivery vehicles, earthmoving equipment, and laboratory equipment;
    • Personnel-related activities (travel, furniture, office supplies);
    • Energy use related to company management and sales activities.

For this LCA the manufacturing plant, owned and operated by Ready Mix Inc., is located at their Lower Mainland in British Columbia, Canada. All operating data is formulated using the actual data from Ready Mix Inc.’s plant at the above location, including water, energy consumption and waste generation. All inputs for this system boundary are calculated for the plant.

This life cycle inventory was organized in a spreadsheet and was then input into an RStudio environment where pre-calculated LCIA results for relevant products/activies stemming from the ecoinvent 3.4 database and a local EPD database in combination with primary data from Ready Mix Inc. were utilzied. Explanations of the contribution of each data source to this study are outlined in the section Data Sources and Quality. Further LCI details for each declared product are provided in the sections ‘Detailed LCI tables’ and ‘Transport tables’ of the detailed LCA report. A parameter uncertainty analysis was also performed where key statistical results (e.g. min/mean/max etc.) are provided.

Cut-off criteria

ISO 14044:2006 and the focus PCR requires the LCA model to contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless noted above as follows: * A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does not exceed 5%.

Data Sources and Data Quality Assessment

The following table summarizes the facility’s (i.e. A3) electricity consumption and generation (if applicable), process/space heating requirements, fuel inputs for on-site machinery, and waste generation.

Table 13: Inputs required by facility from 2019-01-01 to 2019-12-31(364 days) to produce 33000 cubic meters
Activity Value Units
Electricity consumption and generation (if applicable)
Gross grid electricity: 20000 kWh
Process/space heating requirements
Process heat 20 GJ
Fuel requirements for machinery
Propane, heating mix 400 m3
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel 2000 L
Waste generation
Wash water 222 m3
Hazardous waste 3 kg
Non-hazardous waste 10000 kg
High-level radioactive waste 0 kg
Table 14: Recovered on-site energy resources either utilized on-site or off-site
Technology and fuel type Value Units Reovered on-site or off-site
Waste heat from … 300 GJ on-site
Table 15: Reused or recycled components/materials at the A3 facility site
Component/material for re-use/recycling Value Units Re-used/recycled on-site or off-site
Cardboard packaging 300 kg off-site

The following statements explain how the above facility requirements/generation were derived:

  • Electricity: Electricity generation and consumption values were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Process/space heating: Electricity heat requirements were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Fuel required for machinery:: Energy requirements for machinery were based on fuel purchase receipts.
  • Waste generation:: Please provide an explanation of how the above waste generation values were determined:
  • Waste generation:: Actual roadway distance to waste and sorting/recycling facilities were calculated via Google Maps. Empty returns were accounted for.
  • Recovered energy:: Recovered energy (both on and off-site) was measured based on volume and energy estimates using various metering devices.
  • Recycled/reused material/components:: The above estimates were based on case-by-case basis depending on the material/component type.
  • Module A1 material losses:: Facility-boundary material flow analysis techniques were utilized.
  • Product transport requirements:: Diesel fill up receipts from fuel station.

The following tables (i.e. modules A1 to A3) depict a list of assumed life cycle inventory utilized in the LCA modelling to generate the impact results. An assessment of the quality of each LCI activity utilized is also provided.

Table 16: LCI inputs assumed for module A1 (i.e. raw material supply)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement Production of cement, general use Portland limestone cement/CA-BC-Richmond/kilogram EPD: Lafarge Canada Inc British Columbia 2019 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Gravel Production of aggregates, TYPE L RIP RAP D/50=9/US-CO/kilogram EPD: Martin Marietta British Columbia 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Tap water market for tap water/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 British Columbia v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix Production of concrete admixture, set accelerator/RER/kilogram EPD: European Federation of Concrete Admixtures Associations Ltd.  Alberta 2015 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Sand silica sand production/DE/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 British Columbia v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 17: LCI inputs assumed for module A2 (i.e. transport of A1 inputs)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Gravel- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Sand- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 18: LCI inputs assumed for module A3 (i.e. manufacutring of mixes)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
Grid electricity market for electricity, medium voltage/CA-QC/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.4 CA-QC v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Hazardous waste treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel excavation, skid-steer loader/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Non-hazardous waste treatment of waste concrete, not reinforced, collection for final disposal/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Process heat heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RoW/megajoule ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Propane, heating mix propane, burned in building machine/GLO/megajoule ecoinvent v3.4 GLO v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Rooftop PV electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted/CA-ON/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.4 CA-ON v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Cardboard packaging transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Hazardous waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of High-level radioactive waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Non-hazardous waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Wash water transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Truck and fuel type transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Wash water market for wastewater from concrete production/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Data Quality Assessment

Data quality/variability requirements, as specified in the PCR, are applied. This section describes the achieved data quality relative to the ISO 14044:2006 requirements. Data quality is judged based on its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied within a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

Precision: Through measurement and calculation, the manufacturers collected and provided primary data on their annual production. For accuracy, the LCA practitioner and 3rd Party Verifier validated the plant gate-to-gate data.

Completeness: All relevant specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs (emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled to represent the specified and declared products. The relevant background materials and processes were taken from ecoinvent v3.4 LCI databases where relatively recent Canadian-specific electricity inputs were utilized.

Consistency: To ensure consistency, the LCI modeling of the production weighted input and output LCI data for the declared products used the same modeling structure across the respective product systems, which consisted of raw material inputs and ancillary material, energy flows, water resource inputs, product and co-products outputs, returned and recovered ready mix concrete materials, emissions to air, water and soil, and waste recycling and treatment. The same background LCI datasets the ecoinvent v3.4 database were used across all product systems. Crosschecks concerning the plausibility of mass and energy flows were continuously conducted. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the plant and selected process level to maintain a high level of consistency.

Reproducibility: Internal reproducibility is possible since the data and the models are stored and available in a machine readable project file for all foreground and background processes, and in P3 Optima’s proprietary ready mix concrete LCA calculator* for all production facility and mix-specific calculations. A considerable level of transparency is provided throughout the LCA report as the specifications and material quantity make-up for the declared products are presented and key primary and secondary LCI data sources are summarized. The provision of more detailed data to allow full external reproducibility was not possible due to reasons of confidentiality.

*P3 Optima has developed a proprietary tool that allows the calculation of PCR-compliant LCA results for ready mix concrete product designs. The tool auto-calculates results by scaling base-unit technosphere inputs (i.e. 1 kg portland cement, 1 kWh electricity, etc.) to replicate the reference flow conversions that take place in any typical LCA software like openLCA or SimaPro. The tool was tested against several LCAs performed in openLCA and the tool generated identical results to those realized in openLCA across every impact category and inventory metric (where comparisons could be readily made).

Representativeness: The representativeness of the data is summarized as follows.

  • Time related coverage of the manufacturing processes’ primary collected data from 2019-01-01 to 2019-12-31.
  • Upstream (background) LCI data was either the PCR specified default or more appropriate LCI datasets as found in the Canadian-adjusted ecoinvent v3.4 database, 2017.
  • Geographical coverage for inputs required by the A3 facility(ies) is representative of its region of focus; other upstream and background processes are based on US, North American, or global average data and adjusted to regional electricity mixes when relevant.
  • Technological coverage is typical or average – specific to the participating facilities for all primary data.

Environmental Indicators and Inventory Metrics

Per the PCR, this EPD supports the life cycle impact assessment indicators and inventory metrics as listed in the tables below. As specified in the PCR, the US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), version 2.1, 2012 impact categories were utilized as they provide a North American context for the mandatory category indicators to be included in the EPD. Additionally, the PCR requires a set of inventory metrics to be reported with the LCIA indicators (see tables below).

Table 19: Life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
ID LCIA.indicators Abbreviations Units
1 environmental impact: acidification AP moles of H+-Eq
2 environmental impact: eutrophication EP kg N
3 environmental impact: global warming GWP kg CO2-Eq
4 environmental impact: ozone depletion ODP kg CFC-11-Eq
5 environmental impact: photochemical oxidation PCOP kg NOx-Eq
6 Abiotic Depletion-elements ADPe kg Sbeq
7 Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels ADPf kg Sbeq
Inventory metrics
8 Total primary energy TPE MJ-Eq
9 Non-Renewable Resources NRR kg
10 Renewable energy RE MJ-Eq
11 land filling: bulk waste LFW kg waste
12 land filling: hazardous waste LFHW kg waste
13 water depletion: WDP WDP m3
14 Concrete batching water consumption CBWC m3
15 Concrete washing water consumption CWWC m3
16 Concrete hazardous waste CHW kg
17 Concrete non-hazardous waste CNHW kg

A summary description of each of the impact categories and inventory metrics is provided in the following table:

Table 20: Definitions of life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
Midpoint impact categories
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (units: kg CO2-eq) Global Warming Potential or climate change can be defined as the change in global temperature caused by the greenhouse effect that the release of greenhouse gases by human activity creates. The Environmental Profiles characterization model is based on factors developed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Factors are expressed as Global Warming Potential over the time horizon of different years, being the most common 100 years (GWP100), measured in the reference unit, kg CO2 equivalent.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) (kg CFC-11-eq) Ozone-depleting gases cause damage to stratospheric ozone or the ozone layer. CFCs, halons and HCFCs are the major causes of ozone depletion. The characterization model has been developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and defines the ozone depletion potential of different gases relative to the reference substance chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), expressed in kg CFC-11 equivalent.
Acidification Potential (AP) (kg SO2-eq) Acidic gases such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) react with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain, a process known as acid deposition. Acidification potential is expressed using the reference unit, kg SO2 equivalent. The model does not take account of regional differences in terms of which areas are more or less susceptible to acidification. It accounts only for acidification caused by SO2 and NOx. This includes acidification due to fertilizer use, according to the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). CML has based the characterization factor on the RAINS model developed by the University of Amsterdam.
Eutrophication Potential (EP) (PO4 3- -eq) Eutrophication is the build-up of a concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem which leads to abnormal productivity. This causes excessive plant growth like algae in rivers which causes severe reductions in water quality and animal populations. This category is based on the work of Heijungs, and is expressed using the reference unit, kg PO4 3- equivalents. Direct and indirect impacts of fertilizers are included in the method. The direct impacts are from production of the fertilizers and the indirect ones are calculated using the IPCC method to estimate emissions to water causing eutrophication.
Photochemical Ozone Creation/Smog Potential (POCP) (kg O3-eq) Ozone is protective in the stratosphere, but on the ground-level, it is toxic to humans in high concentration. Photochemical ozone, also called ground-level ozone, is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and sunlight. The impact category depends largely on the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonium and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). Photochemical ozone creation potential (also known as summer smog) for emission of substances to air is calculated with the United Nations Economic Commission for 22 Europe (UNECE) trajectory model (including fate) and expressed using the reference unit, kg ethylene (C2H4) equivalent.
Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADPel and ADPff) (kg Sb-eq) The main concern of this category is the health of humans and the ecosystem and how it is affected by the extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, which are inputs into the system. For each extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, the abiotic depletion factor is determined. This indicator is on a global scale and is based on the concentration reserves and rate of deaccumulation. The results are presented in units of the reference element strontium (i.e. Sb). For the purposes of this EPD, this impact category is split between mineral elements (i.e. ADPel) and fossil fuels (i.e. ADPff).
Inventory metrics
Depletion of non-renewable material resources (NRM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable resources that are extracted from the ground but not including energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas. This indicator includes the consumption of metallic ores, aggregates and other minerals. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable material resources (RM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of renewable resources that are extracted from nature like sustainably harvested biomass. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Depletion of non-renewable energy resources (NRE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable energy resources like oil, natural gas, and coal. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable primary energy (RE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle extraction of renewable energy resources from nature like solar and wind energy as well as biomass for energy purposes. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Total primary energy consumption (PEC) (MJ HHV) This indicator is the summatation of non-renewable and renewable energy extracted from nature, where the units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted/utilized/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Concrete batching water consumption (CBWC) (m3) This indicator is defined as the direct water used in concrete mix batches. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete washing water consumption (CWWC) (m3) This inidcator is defined as the direct washing water used at the facility. The units of measure are in cubic meters of wash water consumed.
Total water consumption (TWC) (m3) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of water required to produced the declared functional unit of a given product. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete hazardous waste (CHW) (kg) This indicator considers the amount of hazardous waste waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.
Concrete non-hazardous waste (CNHW) (kg) This indicator considers the direct amount of non-hazardous waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.

It should be noted that emerging LCA impact categories and inventory items are still under development and can have high levels of uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting data in the following categories.

  • Renewable primary energy resources as energy (fuel);
  • Renewable primary resources as material;
  • Non-renewable primary resources as energy (fuel);
  • Non-renewable primary resources as material;
  • Secondary Materials;
  • Renewable secondary fuels;
  • Non-renewable secondary fuels;
  • Recovered energy;
  • Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral resources.
  • Land use related impacts, for example on biodiversity and/or soil fertility;
  • Toxicological aspects;
  • Emissions from land use change [GWP 100 (land-use change)];
  • Hazardous waste disposed;
  • Non-hazardous waste disposed;
  • High-level radioactive waste;
  • Intermediate and low-level radioactive waste;
  • Components for reuse;
  • Materials for recycling;
  • Materials for energy recovery;
  • Recovered energy exported from the product system.

Total impact summary

The following table reports the total LCA results for each product produced at the given concrete plant on a per cubic meter of ready mixed concrete basis. This EPD was created using industry-average data for upstream materials.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 21: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.55 0.0684 146 9.04e-06 0.481 0.18 0.465 9.01 0.0172 1340 144 1190 474 1650 0.00202 63.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 7.74 0.073 157 1e-05 0.524 0.22 0.548 11.3 0.0183 1600 157 1440 514 1990 0.00273 67.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 6.62 0.0711 152 9.61e-06 0.506 0.202 0.503 10.3 0.0177 1470 152 1310 490 1800 0.00238 65.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 6.48 0.0712 152 9.57e-06 0.508 0.202 0.5 10.1 0.0178 1460 152 1310 488 1790 0.00237 65.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix1-51437 7.01 0.07 151 9.53e-06 0.506 0.216 0.536 10.6 0.0172 1570 152 1420 487 1790 0.00254 63.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix2-12090 7.74 0.0706 152 9.83e-06 0.509 0.214 0.514 11.3 0.0174 1520 154 1360 481 1860 0.00273 63.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix3-52453 5.72 0.0689 146 9.2e-06 0.484 0.187 0.467 9.53 0.0172 1360 146 1210 474 1790 0.00205 64 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix4-49463 5.55 0.0684 146 9.04e-06 0.481 0.18 0.465 9.01 0.0173 1340 144 1190 477 1650 0.00202 64.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix5-67256 6.46 0.0703 150 9.47e-06 0.501 0.202 0.506 10.1 0.0175 1470 151 1320 487 1770 0.00234 64.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix6-78460 7.31 0.0716 154 9.78e-06 0.518 0.22 0.546 10.9 0.0177 1600 156 1440 498 1800 0.00265 65 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix7-49164 6.34 0.0702 150 9.45e-06 0.496 0.19 0.478 9.85 0.0176 1380 149 1230 483 1750 0.00227 65.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix8-43807 7.52 0.0723 154 1e-05 0.513 0.208 0.492 11.3 0.0178 1460 155 1300 486 1990 0.00261 65.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix9-82248 6.48 0.0714 153 9.59e-06 0.509 0.203 0.512 10.1 0.0178 1490 153 1330 496 1770 0.00235 65.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix10-40172 6 0.071 151 9.48e-06 0.499 0.189 0.479 9.7 0.0179 1390 150 1240 490 1780 0.00215 66.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix11-34551 7.16 0.0728 156 9.94e-06 0.521 0.212 0.522 10.9 0.0181 1530 157 1370 501 1870 0.00256 66.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix12-41012 5.86 0.0717 152 9.55e-06 0.503 0.191 0.481 9.74 0.018 1390 151 1240 494 1830 0.0021 66.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix13-70105 6.47 0.073 157 9.73e-06 0.524 0.214 0.548 10.2 0.0182 1590 157 1430 514 1780 0.00239 67.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix14-54898 7.01 0.0728 156 9.9e-06 0.516 0.198 0.494 10.5 0.0183 1440 155 1280 499 1800 0.00249 67.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 22: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.44 0.0725 154 9.46e-06 0.507 0.183 0.485 9.03 0.0185 1380 151 1230 506 1690 0.00201 67.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.1 0.0778 168 1.05e-05 0.56 0.234 0.578 11.9 0.0195 1670 168 1500 547 2010 0.00285 72.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.02 0.0756 162 1.02e-05 0.538 0.211 0.533 10.7 0.0189 1540 161 1380 524 1850 0.00253 70 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 7.11 0.0756 162 1.02e-05 0.541 0.21 0.53 10.8 0.019 1540 162 1380 520 1860 0.00252 70 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix15-48687 7.99 0.0755 163 1.04e-05 0.545 0.234 0.566 11.9 0.0185 1670 165 1500 518 2010 0.00285 67.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix16-40586 7.76 0.0754 162 1.03e-05 0.544 0.231 0.565 11.6 0.0186 1660 164 1490 520 1950 0.00279 68.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix17-57984 7.08 0.0739 158 1.01e-05 0.523 0.201 0.499 10.7 0.0185 1450 157 1290 506 1850 0.00251 68.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix18-60894 5.44 0.0725 154 9.46e-06 0.507 0.183 0.485 9.03 0.0185 1380 151 1230 508 1690 0.00201 68.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix19-24977 7.99 0.0761 164 1.05e-05 0.546 0.224 0.542 11.8 0.0188 1600 165 1430 519 2000 0.00282 69.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix20-23883 5.72 0.0746 159 9.73e-06 0.53 0.211 0.551 9.71 0.0187 1580 158 1420 529 1790 0.00216 69.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix21-68443 7.85 0.0757 162 1.04e-05 0.538 0.209 0.512 11.3 0.0189 1500 162 1330 515 1900 0.00276 69.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix22-45196 7.14 0.0756 161 1.03e-05 0.534 0.204 0.507 10.8 0.019 1480 161 1310 517 1910 0.00253 70.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix23-83838 8.1 0.0763 164 1.05e-05 0.544 0.21 0.517 11.4 0.0191 1510 164 1340 519 1880 0.00285 70.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix24-90932 6.98 0.0755 162 1.02e-05 0.534 0.199 0.508 10.4 0.0191 1460 160 1300 521 1790 0.0025 70.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix25-93678 6.43 0.0761 163 1e-05 0.544 0.214 0.564 10 0.0192 1610 162 1450 540 1720 0.00241 71.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix26-17537 6.19 0.0756 161 1e-05 0.531 0.193 0.503 9.82 0.0192 1440 159 1280 526 1780 0.00225 71.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix27-78614 7.58 0.0778 168 1.05e-05 0.56 0.226 0.578 11.1 0.0195 1670 168 1500 545 1830 0.00277 71.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix28-66120 5.96 0.0774 165 1.01e-05 0.549 0.217 0.565 10.1 0.0194 1620 164 1460 547 1860 0.00223 72.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 23: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.72 0.0766 164 9.88e-06 0.542 0.195 0.515 9.37 0.0195 1470 161 1300 543 1670 0.00215 72.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.03 0.0821 177 1.11e-05 0.59 0.237 0.6 11.9 0.0207 1740 177 1560 574 1980 0.00291 76.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 6.91 0.0794 170 1.05e-05 0.564 0.214 0.558 10.6 0.0201 1600 169 1430 557 1830 0.00254 74.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 7.14 0.0791 170 1.06e-05 0.563 0.214 0.556 10.7 0.02 1600 168 1420 554 1840 0.00262 74.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix29-76630 5.72 0.0766 164 9.88e-06 0.545 0.207 0.563 9.37 0.0195 1600 162 1430 549 1670 0.0022 72.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix30-78914 5.95 0.0767 164 9.99e-06 0.542 0.2 0.536 9.54 0.0196 1520 161 1360 543 1700 0.00223 72.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix31-44410 7.01 0.0783 168 1.05e-05 0.556 0.214 0.549 10.7 0.0197 1580 167 1410 546 1860 0.00255 73.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix32-16520 7.48 0.0792 171 1.06e-05 0.569 0.227 0.584 11.1 0.0199 1690 170 1510 556 1840 0.00275 73.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix33-17356 6.14 0.0777 166 1.01e-05 0.549 0.202 0.542 9.69 0.0198 1540 164 1380 550 1710 0.0023 73.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix34-15734 7.17 0.079 170 1.06e-05 0.562 0.214 0.554 10.7 0.02 1590 168 1420 552 1810 0.00262 74.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix35-43900 7.42 0.0802 172 1.08e-05 0.57 0.222 0.559 11.3 0.0201 1620 171 1450 554 1970 0.00267 74.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix36-49520 5.86 0.0785 166 1.03e-05 0.548 0.195 0.515 9.72 0.02 1470 163 1300 548 1840 0.00215 74.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix37-98563 5.92 0.0785 168 1.02e-05 0.554 0.2 0.546 9.47 0.0201 1540 165 1380 559 1690 0.00224 75 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix38-56668 7.37 0.0798 171 1.07e-05 0.564 0.205 0.531 10.8 0.0203 1520 169 1350 553 1830 0.00265 75.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix39-94166 8 0.0821 177 1.11e-05 0.59 0.237 0.6 11.9 0.0205 1740 177 1560 572 1980 0.00291 75.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix40-48317 7.56 0.082 176 1.1e-05 0.587 0.233 0.597 11.4 0.0206 1720 176 1550 574 1940 0.00277 76 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix41-41141 8.03 0.082 176 1.11e-05 0.585 0.225 0.573 11.6 0.0207 1650 175 1480 568 1930 0.00289 76.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix42-79518 7.1 0.0812 174 1.08e-05 0.577 0.215 0.565 10.7 0.0207 1610 172 1440 570 1820 0.00261 76.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 24: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.63 0.0801 170 1.03e-05 0.558 0.19 0.523 9.25 0.0207 1470 166 1300 564 1730 0.00211 77 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.42 0.0867 186 1.16e-05 0.619 0.244 0.622 12.3 0.0219 1790 185 1600 608 2030 0.00305 81.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.11 0.0838 179 1.11e-05 0.594 0.221 0.582 10.9 0.0213 1660 177 1480 589 1900 0.00262 79.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 7.24 0.084 180 1.11e-05 0.595 0.222 0.581 10.9 0.0213 1680 178 1500 590 1880 0.00266 79.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix43-25148 6.79 0.0812 173 1.08e-05 0.57 0.204 0.534 10.5 0.0207 1530 170 1350 564 1880 0.00246 77 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix44-14865 5.63 0.0801 170 1.03e-05 0.558 0.19 0.523 9.25 0.0207 1470 166 1300 566 1730 0.00211 77.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix45-79146 8.17 0.0837 180 1.14e-05 0.596 0.231 0.581 12 0.021 1680 179 1500 577 2030 0.00293 77.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix46-29683 7.21 0.0834 179 1.1e-05 0.595 0.231 0.602 11.1 0.021 1730 177 1550 588 1920 0.00267 78 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix47-33357 7.39 0.083 178 1.11e-05 0.589 0.219 0.575 11 0.0211 1640 176 1470 581 1860 0.00271 78.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix48-49870 8.42 0.0851 183 1.15e-05 0.611 0.244 0.617 12.3 0.0213 1790 183 1600 592 2030 0.00305 78.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix49-23772 7.75 0.084 180 1.13e-05 0.597 0.224 0.581 11.4 0.0213 1670 179 1490 586 1920 0.00282 79 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix50-80134 6.39 0.0833 177 1.09e-05 0.586 0.213 0.57 10.2 0.0213 1620 174 1440 588 1860 0.00238 79.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix51-44215 7.01 0.0845 181 1.11e-05 0.601 0.229 0.607 10.9 0.0214 1730 179 1550 599 1880 0.00262 79.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix52-28562 6.12 0.0841 179 1.08e-05 0.595 0.221 0.6 10.1 0.0214 1700 176 1520 601 1850 0.00233 79.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix53-97581 7.28 0.0849 183 1.12e-05 0.606 0.229 0.612 10.9 0.0216 1740 180 1560 603 1830 0.00272 80.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix54-65193 6.13 0.0844 179 1.09e-05 0.592 0.212 0.574 10.1 0.0216 1620 176 1450 597 1880 0.0023 80.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix55-42548 7.89 0.0867 186 1.16e-05 0.619 0.24 0.622 11.8 0.0219 1790 185 1600 608 2000 0.00289 80.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix56-29149 7.3 0.085 182 1.13e-05 0.598 0.209 0.556 10.8 0.0218 1580 178 1400 593 1860 0.00266 81.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 25: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.7 0.0861 183 1.1e-05 0.599 0.196 0.554 9.38 0.022 1540 177 1360 604 1760 0.00216 81.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.3 0.0907 194 1.21e-05 0.645 0.246 0.642 12.1 0.023 1840 192 1640 639 2080 0.00303 85.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.63 0.0883 189 1.17e-05 0.624 0.227 0.599 11.4 0.0225 1710 186 1520 618 1970 0.00279 83.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 7.86 0.0884 189 1.18e-05 0.624 0.226 0.595 11.7 0.0225 1700 187 1520 615 1970 0.0029 83.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix57-23464 7.69 0.0861 185 1.15e-05 0.611 0.224 0.592 11.3 0.022 1690 182 1500 604 1890 0.00282 81.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix58-86896 8.14 0.087 187 1.17e-05 0.619 0.231 0.598 11.8 0.0221 1710 185 1530 606 1970 0.00295 81.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix59-53578 8.27 0.0878 189 1.18e-05 0.629 0.242 0.631 12 0.0222 1810 188 1620 617 1970 0.00303 82.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix60-28084 8.04 0.088 189 1.18e-05 0.624 0.234 0.601 12 0.0223 1730 187 1540 611 2080 0.0029 82.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix61-47667 6.9 0.0871 186 1.14e-05 0.613 0.222 0.591 10.9 0.0223 1680 182 1500 613 1950 0.00255 82.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix62-93187 7.53 0.0884 189 1.17e-05 0.629 0.239 0.629 11.5 0.0224 1800 187 1610 623 1990 0.00279 83.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix63-56096 8.3 0.0885 189 1.2e-05 0.624 0.226 0.577 12.1 0.0225 1660 187 1470 609 2070 0.00296 83.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix64-22568 8.27 0.0886 190 1.19e-05 0.625 0.224 0.578 11.9 0.0226 1660 187 1470 611 2020 0.00296 83.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix65-92565 5.7 0.0862 183 1.1e-05 0.599 0.196 0.554 9.38 0.0225 1540 177 1360 613 1760 0.00216 84.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix66-61831 7.62 0.0888 190 1.17e-05 0.628 0.227 0.604 11.3 0.0227 1720 187 1530 624 1930 0.00281 84.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix67-35399 8.26 0.0896 192 1.21e-05 0.631 0.226 0.583 12.1 0.0229 1670 189 1480 618 2070 0.00295 84.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix68-36107 7.96 0.0907 194 1.21e-05 0.645 0.246 0.642 12 0.023 1840 192 1640 637 2070 0.00293 85.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix69-52805 7.77 0.0904 194 1.19e-05 0.643 0.241 0.64 11.6 0.023 1820 191 1630 639 1970 0.00289 85.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix70-62517 6.38 0.0885 188 1.14e-05 0.616 0.206 0.568 10.1 0.0229 1590 183 1410 624 1860 0.00238 85.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 26: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.92 0.0902 192 1.16e-05 0.628 0.207 0.577 9.71 0.0232 1610 186 1420 636 1800 0.0023 86.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.45 0.0949 204 1.26e-05 0.676 0.249 0.667 12.2 0.0243 1890 201 1690 671 2090 0.00313 90.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.55 0.0921 197 1.21e-05 0.648 0.227 0.612 11.3 0.0237 1730 193 1530 647 1970 0.00278 88.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 7.53 0.0918 196 1.21e-05 0.647 0.226 0.607 11.3 0.0237 1710 192 1520 644 1980 0.00277 88.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix71-76065 8.09 0.091 196 1.21e-05 0.649 0.242 0.646 11.8 0.0232 1840 193 1640 644 1950 0.003 86.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix72-67316 7.05 0.0909 194 1.18e-05 0.643 0.236 0.638 11.1 0.0232 1810 191 1620 646 1980 0.00265 86.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix73-77962 7.47 0.0908 194 1.19e-05 0.641 0.228 0.613 11.3 0.0233 1740 190 1540 640 1960 0.00276 86.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix74-92375 7.19 0.0908 194 1.19e-05 0.639 0.225 0.612 11 0.0234 1730 190 1530 642 1920 0.00268 87.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix75-33639 7.45 0.0912 194 1.2e-05 0.638 0.22 0.586 11.3 0.0235 1660 190 1470 636 2030 0.00271 87.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix76-75699 6.43 0.0902 192 1.16e-05 0.628 0.207 0.577 10.2 0.0235 1610 186 1420 638 1870 0.0024 87.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix77-95900 8.25 0.0921 197 1.23e-05 0.649 0.226 0.596 11.9 0.0237 1690 193 1500 640 2010 0.00298 88.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix78-36869 7.59 0.0916 196 1.21e-05 0.643 0.217 0.591 11.1 0.0237 1660 191 1470 642 1920 0.00278 88.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix79-69938 8.11 0.0925 198 1.23e-05 0.651 0.224 0.597 11.7 0.0239 1690 194 1500 645 1990 0.00294 88.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix80-10639 7.82 0.0935 200 1.24e-05 0.659 0.236 0.627 11.8 0.0239 1780 196 1580 655 2070 0.00287 89 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix81-33656 8.36 0.0937 201 1.25e-05 0.659 0.23 0.603 12.2 0.024 1720 197 1520 649 2090 0.00301 89.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix82-38872 7.46 0.0932 199 1.22e-05 0.651 0.221 0.596 11.3 0.024 1680 194 1490 651 2020 0.00273 89.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix83-78809 8.45 0.0949 204 1.26e-05 0.676 0.249 0.667 12.2 0.0243 1890 201 1690 671 2010 0.00313 90 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix84-41475 5.92 0.0923 196 1.17e-05 0.644 0.213 0.613 9.71 0.0241 1700 190 1510 664 1800 0.0023 90.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 27: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 6.08 0.093 198 1.18e-05 0.647 0.206 0.592 9.89 0.0242 1640 191 1450 660 1750 0.00234 90.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.17 0.0979 210 1.28e-05 0.693 0.25 0.678 12.1 0.0254 1920 205 1710 704 2070 0.00306 94.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.12 0.0957 204 1.24e-05 0.671 0.228 0.636 10.9 0.0248 1780 199 1580 681 1940 0.00269 92.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 7.18 0.096 205 1.24e-05 0.673 0.224 0.634 11.1 0.0249 1780 199 1580 680 1960 0.0027 92.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix85-66864 6.28 0.093 199 1.18e-05 0.655 0.224 0.647 9.94 0.0242 1790 193 1600 675 1750 0.00247 90.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix86-63612 6.56 0.093 198 1.19e-05 0.647 0.209 0.592 10.2 0.0243 1640 191 1450 660 1860 0.00247 91 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix87-97915 7.32 0.0949 203 1.24e-05 0.666 0.231 0.632 11.3 0.0245 1780 198 1580 671 2010 0.00273 91.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix88-97202 8.05 0.0964 207 1.27e-05 0.683 0.25 0.671 12.1 0.0246 1900 203 1700 682 2070 0.00299 91.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix89-74484 6.08 0.0943 200 1.2e-05 0.657 0.219 0.623 10.1 0.0245 1730 194 1540 675 1910 0.00234 92 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix90-16147 7.03 0.095 202 1.23e-05 0.661 0.218 0.603 10.9 0.0247 1690 196 1490 669 1970 0.00261 92.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix91-77401 7.79 0.0965 206 1.26e-05 0.679 0.237 0.642 11.7 0.0249 1810 202 1610 680 2050 0.00289 92.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix92-74070 7.03 0.0956 204 1.23e-05 0.671 0.225 0.635 10.7 0.0249 1770 198 1570 682 1890 0.00267 93 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix93-12907 8.17 0.0976 210 1.28e-05 0.693 0.25 0.678 12 0.0251 1920 205 1710 693 2020 0.00306 93.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix94-31027 6.36 0.0948 202 1.21e-05 0.659 0.206 0.601 9.89 0.025 1650 194 1460 678 1790 0.00243 93.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix95-78129 7.62 0.0966 206 1.26e-05 0.675 0.222 0.615 11.3 0.0252 1720 200 1520 680 1960 0.00282 93.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix96-58155 7.48 0.0971 207 1.26e-05 0.677 0.223 0.616 11.3 0.0252 1720 201 1520 683 2010 0.00276 94.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix97-52407 7.36 0.0979 210 1.26e-05 0.692 0.242 0.676 11.3 0.0253 1890 204 1690 702 1950 0.00281 94.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix98-90896 6.54 0.0974 208 1.23e-05 0.685 0.233 0.669 10.4 0.0254 1860 202 1650 704 1870 0.00255 94.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 28: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 6.24 0.0982 210 1.24e-05 0.687 0.215 0.624 10 0.0256 1720 203 1510 694 1790 0.00239 95.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.73 0.103 221 1.34e-05 0.729 0.256 0.706 12.5 0.0267 1980 216 1760 735 2120 0.00325 99.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.84 0.1 215 1.3e-05 0.705 0.237 0.662 11.6 0.0261 1850 209 1640 712 1980 0.00294 97.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 8.27 0.1 215 1.3e-05 0.704 0.236 0.66 11.9 0.026 1840 208 1640 714 1980 0.00309 97.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix99-30598 8.43 0.0987 212 1.3e-05 0.697 0.239 0.658 11.9 0.0256 1850 207 1640 698 1960 0.00313 95.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix100-27840 8.6 0.0996 215 1.31e-05 0.709 0.252 0.692 12.2 0.0257 1950 210 1730 709 1980 0.00322 95.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix101-39315 7.77 0.0982 210 1.28e-05 0.687 0.223 0.625 11.3 0.0257 1740 203 1530 694 1930 0.00289 95.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix102-21923 8.73 0.101 216 1.32e-05 0.715 0.256 0.696 12.5 0.0259 1960 212 1750 713 2040 0.00325 96.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix103-60611 8.62 0.1 214 1.32e-05 0.702 0.235 0.637 12.3 0.0259 1790 208 1580 698 2080 0.00314 96.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix104-28058 8.53 0.1 215 1.33e-05 0.704 0.236 0.638 12.3 0.026 1800 209 1590 701 2120 0.0031 96.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix105-89328 6.28 0.0988 211 1.24e-05 0.694 0.229 0.676 10 0.0259 1860 204 1650 720 1790 0.0025 97.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix106-29155 7.43 0.0997 213 1.28e-05 0.7 0.23 0.658 11 0.0261 1820 207 1620 714 1880 0.00283 97.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix107-69313 8.39 0.101 217 1.33e-05 0.713 0.243 0.67 12.1 0.0263 1880 211 1660 716 2020 0.00312 97.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix108-64157 7.27 0.101 215 1.29e-05 0.705 0.234 0.661 11.2 0.0262 1840 208 1630 718 1990 0.00276 98.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix109-50909 8.35 0.101 217 1.32e-05 0.708 0.23 0.641 11.8 0.0264 1790 210 1580 712 1960 0.00308 98.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix110-74156 6.24 0.1 212 1.26e-05 0.691 0.215 0.624 10.2 0.0263 1720 204 1510 714 1950 0.00239 98.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix111-13297 6.86 0.102 217 1.29e-05 0.714 0.243 0.692 11 0.0265 1920 211 1710 733 2010 0.00266 99.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix112-68267 8.2 0.103 221 1.34e-05 0.729 0.255 0.706 12.1 0.0267 1980 216 1760 735 2060 0.0031 99.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 29: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.93 0.101 216 1.27e-05 0.707 0.207 0.637 9.45 0.0268 1720 208 1510 734 1750 0.00235 99.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.63 0.106 226 1.36e-05 0.741 0.26 0.716 12.5 0.0277 2000 219 1780 767 2150 0.00324 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.45 0.104 222 1.33e-05 0.73 0.24 0.691 11.3 0.0272 1910 215 1700 748 1960 0.00286 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 7.68 0.104 223 1.34e-05 0.734 0.242 0.703 11.6 0.0273 1940 217 1720 746 1960 0.00292 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix113-52866 8.63 0.104 223 1.36e-05 0.735 0.258 0.711 12.4 0.0268 2000 217 1780 738 2060 0.00324 99.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix114-40620 8.37 0.104 223 1.36e-05 0.736 0.26 0.711 12.5 0.0269 2000 218 1780 740 2150 0.00314 100 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix115-85134 6.39 0.101 216 1.28e-05 0.707 0.223 0.662 10.2 0.0268 1810 208 1600 734 1850 0.00251 100 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix116-15184 7.53 0.103 221 1.32e-05 0.729 0.246 0.704 11.4 0.027 1960 215 1740 744 1960 0.0029 101 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix117-86884 7.64 0.104 223 1.34e-05 0.733 0.25 0.708 11.6 0.0271 1970 216 1750 747 2030 0.00292 101 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix118-81051 7.82 0.104 223 1.34e-05 0.735 0.249 0.71 11.6 0.0272 1970 217 1750 749 1960 0.003 101 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix119-35931 8.27 0.105 225 1.36e-05 0.741 0.253 0.716 12 0.0273 1990 219 1770 751 1980 0.00315 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix120-47944 8.2 0.104 224 1.35e-05 0.734 0.241 0.686 11.8 0.0273 1900 217 1680 745 1960 0.00309 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix121-44052 6.6 0.104 222 1.3e-05 0.728 0.238 0.702 10.5 0.0273 1930 214 1710 756 1880 0.00262 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix122-69047 6.69 0.104 220 1.31e-05 0.717 0.22 0.645 10.5 0.0273 1770 211 1550 741 1940 0.00257 103 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix123-19252 5.93 0.103 218 1.27e-05 0.708 0.207 0.637 9.45 0.0274 1720 208 1510 743 1750 0.00235 103 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix124-45516 7.71 0.105 225 1.35e-05 0.738 0.239 0.687 11.5 0.0276 1900 218 1680 754 1990 0.00293 103 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix125-44215 7.77 0.106 226 1.36e-05 0.741 0.241 0.689 11.6 0.0277 1910 218 1690 756 2000 0.00295 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix126-47235 6.72 0.106 225 1.33e-05 0.74 0.242 0.711 10.7 0.0277 1960 217 1740 767 1930 0.00266 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Mix designs: >60MPa

Table 30: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: >60MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 6.31 0.105 224 1.32e-05 0.728 0.217 0.652 10.2 0.0279 1780 214 1560 752 1910 0.00246 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Maximum 8.81 0.109 233 1.42e-05 0.764 0.254 0.732 12.7 0.0283 2020 226 1800 780 2140 0.00328 106 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mean 7.92 0.107 229 1.38e-05 0.749 0.24 0.692 11.6 0.0281 1910 221 1690 765 2000 0.003 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Median 8.04 0.107 229 1.38e-05 0.75 0.243 0.698 11.7 0.028 1930 222 1700 764 1990 0.00305 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix127-50156 8.03 0.106 227 1.37e-05 0.739 0.232 0.664 11.6 0.0279 1830 218 1610 752 1990 0.00301 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix128-36304 7.59 0.106 227 1.35e-05 0.743 0.236 0.691 11.2 0.0279 1900 219 1680 763 1910 0.00292 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix129-28380 8.73 0.108 231 1.4e-05 0.758 0.25 0.704 12.3 0.0281 1960 224 1730 765 2050 0.00327 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix130-60520 6.31 0.105 224 1.32e-05 0.728 0.217 0.652 10.2 0.028 1780 214 1560 759 1910 0.00246 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix131-93928 8.81 0.109 233 1.42e-05 0.764 0.254 0.709 12.7 0.0283 1980 226 1750 770 2140 0.00328 106 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303
Mix132-31569 8.04 0.108 232 1.39e-05 0.763 0.254 0.732 11.8 0.0283 2020 225 1800 780 1990 0.00309 106 0.00673 9.09e-05 0.303

Additional Environmental Information

No regulated substances of very high concern are utilized on site

References

ASTM Standards:

  • ASTM A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
  • ASTM A108 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished
  • ASTM A123/A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
  • ASTM A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
  • ASTM A184 Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
  • ASTM A416/A416M Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
  • ASTM A555/A555M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
  • ASTM A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A666 Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar
  • ASTM A706/A706M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A767/A767M Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A775/A775M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A820/A820M Standard Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM A884/A884M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement
  • ASTM A934/A934M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A1064/A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
  • ASTM C33/C33M Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
  • ASTM C94 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
  • ASTM C150/C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
  • ASTM C260/C260M Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
  • ASTM C330/C330M Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
  • ASTM C494/C494M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
  • ASTM C595 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
  • ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
  • ASTM C979/C979M Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
  • ASTM C989/C989M Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
  • ASTM C1017/C1017M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
  • ASTM C1116/C1116M Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM C1157/C1157M Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
  • ASTM C1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
  • ASTM C1602/C1602M Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
  • ASTM G109 Standard Test Method for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

CSA Standards:

  • CAN/CGSB-1.40 Anticorrosive Structural Steel Alkyd Primer
  • CAN/CSA A23.1/A23.2 Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test methods and Standard Practices for Concrete
  • CAN/CSA A23.4 Precast concrete - Materials and construction
  • CAN/CSA A3000 Cementitious Materials Compendium
  • CAN/CSA G30.18 Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement
  • CAN/CSA G40.20/G40.21 General requirements for rolled or welded structural quality steel / Structural quality steel
  • CSA S806 Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers

ISO Standards:

  • ISO 6707-1: 2014 Buildings and Civil Engineering Works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General Terms
  • ISO 14021:1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Self-declared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
  • ISO 14025:2006 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Type III Environmental Declarations — Principles and Procedures
  • ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework
  • ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines
  • ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Footprint of Products – Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification
  • ISO 14050:2009 Environmental Management — Vocabulary
  • ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction — Environmental Declaration of Building Products

EN Standards:

  • EN 16757 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Product Category Rules for concrete and concrete elements
  • EN 15804 Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations —Core rules for the product category of construction products

Other References:

Appendix A: Master Table of aggregated impact results

Table 31: A reference to all impact indicators and metrics considered
environmental impact: acidification moles of H+-Eq AP..mol.H.eq
environmental impact: eutrophication kg N EP.kg.N.eq
environmental impact: ecotoxicity kg 2,4-D-Eq ETP.kg.2.4.D.eq
environmental impact: global warming kg CO2-Eq GWP.kg.CO2.eq
environmental impact: ozone depletion kg CFC-11-Eq ODP.kg.CFC.11.eq
environmental impact: photochemical oxidation kg NOx-Eq PCOP.kg.NOx.eq
human health: carcinogenics kg benzene-Eq HHC.kg.C6H6.eq
human health: non-carcinogenics kg toluene-Eq HHNC.kg.C7H8.eq
human health: respiratory effects, average kg PM2.5-Eq HHRE.kg.PM2.5.eq
biomass: renewable energy resources, biomass MJ-Eq RER.bio.MJ.eq
geothermal: renewable energy resources, geothermal, converted MJ-Eq RER.geo.MJ.eq
solar: renewable energy resources, solar, converted MJ-Eq RER.sol.MJ.eq
wind: renewable energy resources, kinetic (in wind), converted MJ-Eq RER.wnd.MJ.eq
water: renewable energy resources, potential (in barrage water), converted MJ-Eq RER.H2O.MJ.eq
fossil: non-renewable energy resources, fossil MJ-Eq NRER.ff.MJ.eq
nuclear: non-renewable energy resources, nuclear MJ-Eq NRER.nuc.MJ.eq
primary forest: non-renewable energy resources, primary forest MJ-Eq NRER.primBio.MJ.eq
land filling: bulk waste kg waste LFW.kg.wste
land filling: hazardous waste kg waste LFHW.kg.wste
Non-Renewable Resources kg NRR.kg
renewable resources: wood m3 RR.wood.kg
water depletion: WDP m3 WDP.kg
Abiotic Depletion-elements kg Sbeq ADPe.kg.SB.eq
Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels kg Sbeq ADPf.kg.SB.eq
Total primary energy MJ-Eq TPE.MJ.eq
Renewable energy MJ-Eq RE.MJ.eq
Non-renewable energy MJ-Eq NRE.MJ.eq
Renewable Resources kg RR.kg

Table 32: A master table of all results across all products (A1 to A3 aggregated)

Product owner: Ready Mix Inc.

EPD Commissioner: Ready Mix Inc.

Program Operation: P3 Optima

3rd Party Verifier: FirstName LastName

Original Publish Date: 23 March 2020
Updated on: no updates
EPD valid until: 22 March 2025